Article InfoArtificial insemination (AI) is the manual placement of semen in the reproductive tract of the female by a method other than natural mating and it is among the group of technologies commonly known as assisted reproduction technologies (ART), whereby offspring are generated by facilitating the meeting of male and female gametes. It is intended to improve the fertility of low reproductive activity and low production capacity animals in animal reproduction. However, the success of artificial insemination is affected by different factors like: Artificial Insemination delivery system, heat detection and time of insemination, intrinsic factors related to the cow, early embryonic loses, problem of management, semen quality, insemination techniques and people awareness. Therefore, to get the full advantages of artificial insemination, the above factors should corrected as the required standards for using this advantages technology and the management should be taken into consideration and the people should be aware the advantages of artificial insemination.

SummaryFish has historically played an important role in food security in many countries and contributes to do so in globally, providing 15-20 percent of animal protein intake. Fishery has been practiced in different parts of the world. At present, the country Ethiopia has an estimated annual total exploitable fish potential of 51,481 tons, which can meet only 79 percent of the current actual demand, 55 percent of the projected demand in 2010 and 44 percent of the projected demand in 2015, based solely on population size. Ethiopia contains many lakes and rivers for fish production and also different species of fishes exist in these lakes and rivers. In addition to this there is good environmental condition for fishery and there is huge agricultural and Industrial by Product or residue due to the country mostly based on agriculture and also few industry to sustain the life of the people. Using of these opportunities fishery is an alternative means achieving food security and poverty reduction in Ethiopia. In spite of these opportunities, fishery sector of the economy has various problems, among others climate change, mismanagement of the resource, inappropriate policies and institution, inadequate technical and material backup to the sector and market are the major ones. The objective of this paper is to review the opportunities and challenges of fisheries in Ethiopia. Due to these challenges fishery is still an infant which means cannot fill the need of the demand. Therefore, the government and private should take consideration for fishery sub sector to increase productivity and gross domestic product of the country by alleviating these challenges.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2014 to April 2015 to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, isolation of mastitis causing bacteria's and characterize antimicrobial susceptibility pattern at Holeta Agricultural Research Centre (HARC) Dairy Farms. Purposive sampling technique was employed and all lactating cows were involved in the study. Among 186 lactating cows consists of 92 Jersey as well as 94 cross breed (Boran X Holistein Fresian) were included in the study. Among selected cows, 131 (70.43%) cows were identified as bovine mastitis positive and out of which 10 (5.37%) had clinical mastitis and 121 (65.05%) had subclinical mastitis. The different types of bacterial species isolated in present study includes S. aureus (30.93%), staphylococcus other than S. aureus (14.43%), Str. agalactiae (5.15%), Str. Dysgalactiae (5.15%), Str. Uberis (12.37%), C. bovis (13.40%), E. coli (6.18%), P. aerogenosa (10.3%) and K. pneumonie (2.05%). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 94% and 78.6% of total isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, respectively which was followed by erythromycin and tetracycline with susceptibility rate of 73.8% and 69%, respectively. However, penicillin had shown susceptibility of 55.9% which was the least effective among the drugs used. In conclusion, different types of mastitis causing pathogens with variable rate of susceptibility to antimicrobials were able to identify. Therefore, antimicrobial therapy should be used after isolation of the suspected pathogen to avoid emergence of drug resistance.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2016 to May 2016 at Guto Gida District, Nekemte, Ethiopia to determine the prevalence of bovine schistosomosis. Simple random sampling method was used to select the study animals and sedimentation technique was applied for finding Schistosoma eggs from fresh fecal samples. Out of 384 fecal samples examined, 22 were found positive indicating an overall prevalence of 5.7% schistosomosis in the study area. The prevalence of bovine schistosomosis was higher in Jirenga kebele (9.1%) than Gaarii kebele (4.6%) and Dalo kebele (3.7%). However, no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis in relation to origin was found. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference observed between both sexes (P>0.05). The prevalence in body condition category was reported relatively higher in poor body condition (8.4%) and lower in good body condition (3.8%). However, no statistically significant differences appreciated among the three body condition categories (P>0.05). The finding indicated that, schistosomosis should be taken into consideration as one of the major limiting factor to livestock productivity at Guto Gida District. The control measures against schistosomosis must be designed to target either the parasite or the snail intermediate host.

Purpose Mange mite is one of the skin diseases of cattle that can cause huge economic loss through a decrease in production. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with the objective of determining the prevalence and identification of species of mange mites that affect cattle in and around Nekemte town. The study methods involved were clinical and laboratory examinations of skin scraping samples from the animals. Results From 384 examined animals, 86 (22.40%) were found to be infected with mange mites. The most commonly encountered mange mite genus was Sarcoptes (15.10%), Demodex (5.47%) and Psoroptes (1.82%). The higher prevalence was observed in young animals, 49 (22.69%), compared to adult animals, 37 (22.02), but statistically insignificant variations were observed. Also a non-significant variation was found between sexes (P ≤ 0.067), even though it was higher in female, 72 (23.00%) than male, 14 (19.72%), but a statistically significant variation was observed among body condition score (P ≤ 0.024), with the highest prevalence being in poor body condition score, 31 (57.41%). A statistically significant variation was detected among the body part infestation (P ≤ 0.024). The most frequent sites of mange mite infestation were the shoulder, neck, face, ears, tail and legs, respectively. Conclusion The study indicated that there was high prevalence of mange mite infestation in cattle in the study area that needs appropriate and strategic control measures by employing additional research for species identification and improving the standards of animal husbandry.