Article Info Coccidiosis is a disease that is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, developing within the intestine of most domestic and wild animals and birds. The disease is distributed worldwide and primarily affects young animals that are raised under various management systems with the infections more severe and more frequent in animals that are raised in intensive systems. Coccidiosis is responsible for major losses due to mortality and primarily to the poor performance of sub clinically infected animals which costs the livestock industry many millions of dollars. Diagnosis and genetic characterization of different species of Eimeria are central to the prevention and control of coccidiosis. This is particularly important with regard to the appearance of a widespread anticoccidial resistance of Eimeria species. In fact Eimeria are very effective parasites, one of the main reasons coccidiosis is still a major problem, is the difficult diagnosis. The classical parasitological methods of diagnosis are labor intensive and therefore costly. Different diagnostic tools such as fecal flotation techniques, morphological identification, molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology and immunology have been used to diagnose coccidiosis. These methods have generally had major limitations in the specific diagnosis of coccidiosis and identification of Eimeria species. The traditional approaches are unreliable, particularly when multiple species of Eimeria simultaneously infect a single host and there is overlap in the size and shape of oocysts. Different studies indicated that species of Emeria are host and site specific and even they cause specific lesions within the specific sites. Therefore accuracy of diagnosis can be achieved with combination of different diagnostic tools including gross and histopathological lesions examinations.

A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2016 to May 2016 at Guto Gida District, Nekemte, Ethiopia to determine the prevalence of bovine schistosomosis. Simple random sampling method was used to select the study animals and sedimentation technique was applied for finding Schistosoma eggs from fresh fecal samples. Out of 384 fecal samples examined, 22 were found positive indicating an overall prevalence of 5.7% schistosomosis in the study area. The prevalence of bovine schistosomosis was higher in Jirenga kebele (9.1%) than Gaarii kebele (4.6%) and Dalo kebele (3.7%). However, no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of bovine schistosomiasis in relation to origin was found. Similarly, there was no statistically significant difference observed between both sexes (P>0.05). The prevalence in body condition category was reported relatively higher in poor body condition (8.4%) and lower in good body condition (3.8%). However, no statistically significant differences appreciated among the three body condition categories (P>0.05). The finding indicated that, schistosomosis should be taken into consideration as one of the major limiting factor to livestock productivity at Guto Gida District. The control measures against schistosomosis must be designed to target either the parasite or the snail intermediate host.

A cross-sectional study was conducted with the aim of identifying and estimating the prevalence of cattle ixodid tick infestation with respect to host related factors in Dendi district, Western Shoa, Ethiopia. Adult ixodid ticks were collected from 384 randomly selected cattle by using forceps and preserved in separate collecting bottle with 70 % ethyl alcohol. The collected ticks were identification under stereomicroscope into generas and species based on their morphology. The present study revealed that there was high tick infestation with an overall prevalence of 264 (68.8 %). In the study area four genera of ixodid ticks (Amblyomma, Rhipecephalus (Boophilus), Hyalomma and Rhipecephalus) and four species (Amblyomma variegatum, Rhipecephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus, Hyalomma dromedary, Rhipecephalus evertsi evertsi) were identified with the prevalence rate of 26.6 %, 31.8 %, 3.4 % and 3.6 % respectively. All species of ticks had higher number of male, except Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (0.0048:1) and they were distributed and attached with statistically significant (P<0.05) variation among different parts of the host body. Different risk factors (age, sex, body condition score, breed and managements) were considered but they are statistically not significant (P>0.05). Their respective prevalence were; age (young 12.2 %, adult 45.5 % and old 10.9 %); sex (male 30.7 % and female 38 %); body condition score (poor 22.9 %, medium 43.7 % and good 2.1 %); breed (local 57.6 % and cross breed 11.2 %) and management system(extensive 63.3 %, semi-intensive 4.2 % and intensive 1.3 %). The present study indicates there is high prevalence of ixodide tick infestation, especially in local cattle breed, adult, female and medium body condition. Therefore, effective control measures should be undertaken to bring the needed health and productive animals in Dendi district.

Trypanosomosis is one of the major impediments to livestock development and agricultural production in Ethiopia. It is cyclically transmitted by tsetse flies but also mechanically tsetse flies and by other biting flies. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify the density and diversity of vectors and also the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis from October, 2014 to May, 2015. The study was conducted in four selected settlement areas of the Yayo district in the Illubabor zone of Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia. Standard methods of sampling and identification were employed for both entomological and parasitological examination. Four species of the genus Glossina (Glossina morsitans submorsitans, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina tachinoides and Glossina fuscipes) and two genera of biting flies (Stomoxys and Tabanus) were caught and identified. The overall apparent density of flies caught was 1095 (9.78 flies per trap per day), of which 410 (3.7 flies per trap per day) was Glossina species. Out of a total 488 cattle examined, 19 (3.9%; 95% CI: 2.36%-6.1%) were found infected with trypanosomes. Three species were detected in the study area namely T. congolense 16(84.21%), T. vivax 2(10.53%) and T. brucei 1(5.26%). The prevalence of trypanosomosis was not significantly affected by all risk factors considered (p>0.05). Trypanosomosis significantly affected the status of anemia or packed cell volume (p<0.05). The mean PCV of parasitemic animals were significantly lower than that of aparasitemic ones (P<0.05). The prevalence of anemia was 19.67% (95%CI: 16.24-23.48) and not significantly affected by the different risk factors considered (P>0.05) with the exception of Geri (Peasant association) which have shown the lowest anemia prevalence (P<0.05).The relative abundance of Glossina species caught and trypanosome detected confirmed the continuous challenge of the disease in the settlement areas. Therefore, the ongoing community based tsetse and trypanosomosis prevention/control strategy should be 40 Geremew Haile et al., Ethiop. Vet. J., 2016, 20 (1), 39-54 strengthened in the area.

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