Trypanosomosis is the most serious disease of cattle, which causes great socioeconomic losses in the country. Its socioeconomic impact is reflected on direct losses due to mortality, morbidity, and reduction in milk and meat production, abortion and stillbirth, and also costs associated with combat of the disease are direct losses. A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the prevalence of cattle trypanosomosis, and the apparent density and distribution of its fly vectors in selected study areas. The methods employed during the study were buffy coat technique for parasitological study and deploying trap for the collection of tsetse flies. A total of 1512 flies were trapped, and among them, 1162 were tsetse flies while 350 were biting flies. Higher apparent density for tsetse fly (7.7 F/T/D) followed by Stomoxys (0.9 F/T/D), Tabanus (0.8 F/T/D), and Hematopota (0.6 F/T/D) was recorded. Out of 638 examined cattle, the overall prevalence of trypanosomosis in the study area was 9.1% (58/638). Out of positive cases, Trypanosoma congolense (7.7%) was the dominant trypanosome species followed by Trypanosoma vivax (0.9%), Trypanosoma brucei (0.2%), and mixed infection of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma vivax (0.3%). There was no a significant difference (p>0.05) in trypanosome infection between age, sex, and trypanosome species. The prevalence of trypanosomosis on the bases of body condition was 2.8% for poor, 5.5% for medium, and 0.8% for good body condition. The overall prevalence of anemia was (36.8%), and presence of anemia was higher in trypanosome positive animals (62.5%) than in negative animals (34.3%) which is statistically significant (p<0.05, CI = 1.794–5.471). The overall mean packed cell volume (PCV) value for examined animals was 25.84 ± 0.252SE. Mean (PCV) of parasitaemic cattle (9.1%) was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of aparasitaemic cattle (90%). This survey showed that trypanosomosis is still a core problem for livestock production of the study area. Therefore, more attention should be given to the control of both the disease and its vectors.

Millions of people around the globe use flora and fauna as source of ethno medicine since ancient times. Despite the fact that ethno medicine has been very crucial for the health of animal and human beings it has not yet been well documented, and much effort is needed in research and integration activities in Ethiopia. It is important to document the traditional knowledge of human communities, since the majority of such communities are losing their socioeconomic and cultural characteristics. This research was focused on assessing and identifying the knowledge of ethno medicine practices used for maintaining the health and curing diseases of humans and livestock in Sayo and Hawa Galan Districts. A purposive Study conducted from January 2018 to June 2019 on Ethno practitioners indicates sixty-six (66) different plant species under 38 families and 10 different animal species are used as medicine for different human and animal ailments. The most common herbal preparation method is concoction with oral route frequently used. Shrubs, herbs and trees are the common habitats whereas leaf, root, seed and coat are common parts of plants used as medicine. Different animal parts like hoof, blood, meat, liver is commonly used with different additives like milk, honey, salt.This study showed the wide use of medicinal plants and animals in Hawa Galan and Sayo District in meeting the primary healthcare needs of the community. Even though there is a wealth of indigenous knowledge transfer is declining from generation to generation as a result of oral transmission. This finding therefore may imply that conducting in-depth scientific studies may help elucidate the science underlying the efficacy of both animals and plants in managing health and this may lead to the discovery of useful Lead compound. Further studies concerning the conservation and management of the animal and plant resources are needed.

Background Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a highly contagious viral disease challenging poultry industry throughout the world. It is also among the main obstacles in the different chicken production system in Ethiopia. This study was conducted with the aim of determining seroprevalence and associated risk factors of IBD in backyard and intensively managed chickens of the study area. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected districts of western Oromia on intensive and backyard production systems to investigate seroprevalence of IBD and associated risk factors from September 2020 to August 2021. A total of 384 chickens of either sex, 128 from each district, were included from three randomly selected peasant associations (PAs). In addition, 180 individual poultry keepers, of both sexes, and different educational backgrounds, were included for questionnaire survey ( Supplementary Material ). Data were analyzed using SPSS Version-20, and results were presented as percentages. The samples were processed by using (ProFLOKIBV, USA) indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (I-ELISA) kits. Results Out of 384 serum samples tested, 66.93% ( n = 257) were found positive by indirect ELISA. The highest prevalence was recorded from Sasiga district Balo Bareda PA. Prevalence of IBD showed significant statistical association ( p < 0.05) among owner education level, chicken rearing practice, origin and breed. Questionnaire survey results showed the majority of respondents lack sufficient knowledge about IBD and other chicken diseases. The practice of backyard chicken producers on vaccination and treatment of sick birds is limited. Conclusion In conclusion, IBD is a major factor hindering production and health of birds. Proper vaccination programs coordinated with awareness creation of chicken owners on how to isolate and treat sick birds should be implemented.

Brucellosis is one of the major zoonotic diseases yet prevalent in Ethiopia. It is contagious and has harmful effects on free animal movement and export. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in the Loko and Uke peasant association of Guto Gida District. The goal of this study is to determine the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of bovine brucellosis. The questionnaire survey was conducted on 200 respondents to collect the livestock owner’s perception of this disease. Eighty (80) blood samples were collected from grazing cattle above six months of age. Serum was tested by complement fixation test (CFT) for Brucella antibody detection. Pearson chi-square is used to assess the relation of independent variables such as sex, site, and age with seroprevalence in a 95% confidence interval if P value is less than 0.05, recoded as significant. Seroprevalence of bovine brucellosis in the present study is 22.5%. Bovine brucellosis prevalence recorded in Uke (28.6%) was higher than that in Loko (21.2%). Again bovine brucellosis is higher in males (30.4%) than females (19.2%). There is prevalence variation among site, sex, and age which is statistically insignificant ( P value>0.05). Survey findings revealed that 52% (104/200) of respondents did not know the causes of abortion, while 48% (96/200) of them confirmed abortion in their herd and 64% (124/200) of respondents removed retained fetal membrane by themselves. Brucellosis is a contagious reproductive disease of cattle with zoonotic implications and needs to design and implement control measures aiming at preventing further spread of the disease.

Background: Households consider their dogs and cats as their close friends. They act as companion animals. The contact between pets and their owners results in transmission of zoonotic disease. In Ethiopia, dogs and cats are the most abundant carnivores, and diseases associated with them affect wide parts of the community. There is limited knowledge, practice, and attitude within the communities toward pet contact associated zoonotic disease. Methods: A community-based semi-structured questionnaire complemented with an interview was delivered to 633 household pets' owners in Sibu Sire, Jimaa Arjo, and Wayu Tuqa districts in Western Ethiopia to evaluate knowledge, attitude, and practices toward pet contact associated zoonotic disease. Results: Socio-demographically, 54.6% of the study participants were female. According to this finding concerning common pet contact zoonotic disease, 70% of the respondents had knowledge about rabies, with Echinococcosis, toxoplasmosis, and ring worm also being commonly heard of. Contamination of feed and water (21.71%) and animal bites (21.01%) are the predominant modes of transmission, whereas animal waste, fecal oral route, and touching pets are also common ways for disseminating zoonotic disease. The dominant symptoms noted by respondents were behavioral change, depression, lack of appetite, itching, and diarrhea. In all attitude-related responses, there was a significant association (p<0.05) between the number of respondents and the variable studied. There was also a statistically significant association of KAP score (p<0.05) with educational rank and the work of respondents. Conclusion:This study indicates the importance of pet ownership to the community, which is also associated with transmitting different zoonotic diseases. Moreover, there are inconsistencies on regular veterinary use, pet management, and proper prevention and treatment measures of the disease. Coordinated efforts are expected from different stakeholders in enhancing community KAP level towards pet contact associated zoonosis.

Purpose: Although helminthiasis have been recognized as health constraints of small ruminants, there was no study conducted to reveal their types and burden in goats and sheep slaughtered at Bishoftu, Ethiopia. Hence, this study is aimed to evaluate the current status of helminth parasites and estimate its burden in study animals. Methods: The study was carried out from November 2016 to April 2017 to identify the species and also to estimate the burden of small intestinal parasitic helminth in goats and sheep using a standard worm recovery procedure. The study animals were 230 goats and sheep slaughtered at Bishoftu Elfora export abattoir during the study period. Results:The study revealed that the overall infection rate was 83.5%. Among 105 samples taken from sheep, 87.6% were positive, whereas 100 (80%) of 125 examined samples from goats were positive for helminth parasites. There was no statistically significant difference (p>0.05) between the species. However, age and animal origin considered as a risk factor indicated statistically significant differences (p<0.05). In sheep, the prevalence of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, and Moniezia expansa was 69 (46.9%), 34 (43.6%), and 51 (52.6%), respectively, while the prevalence of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, and Moniezia expansa in goats was 78 (53.1%), 44 (56.4%), and 46 (47.4%), respectively. Conclusion:This study revealed a high infection with parasitic helminths. Thus, effective control and prevention methods are necessary to minimize their effects on animals as well as the economy.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by a newly discovered strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) around the end of December 2019, has had a significant impact on many sectors at global, regional and national levels, including the livestock sector. A questionnaire survey and observational study were carried out from September 2020 to November 2020 with the aim of assessing the impacts of COVID 19 crisis on livestock farming practices, market value chain, animal health care services and human perception towards consumption of livestock products in selected districts of East Wollega zone. Small scale farmers, abattoirs workers, consumers, private sectors involved in the production, processing and distribution of livestock products, hotel owners and veterinarians were purposively selected for this study. According to the present survey the pandemic's has had negative impact on livestock production, market value chain and animal health care practices. Based on the survey 365 (91.25%) respondents agreed as the pandemic was the major challenge on livestock farming practices. The assessment shows that COVID 19 created worst 270 (67.5%) and high impact 75 (18.75%) while about 17 (4%) respondents said the disease has little impact. The major reason mentioned were measures taken by the government such as lockdown, economic decline, low number of manpower due to calls to stay at home and social distance. Observational study indicated that dairy shops, meat shops, and local abattoirs, hotels and restaurants were totally/partially closed especially during the first 6 months of the pandemic. The average monthly income from livestock and their products showed about 60.93% shortfalls (from 1,130,500 birr to 688,800 birr). With regard to consumer perception there was low demand for livestock products such as meat and dairy products and about 164 (41%) respondents were avoiding the consumption of animal-sourced foods mainly due to the perceived disease risk. Regarding animal health services, about 89.75% (365/400) respondents agreed as COVID 19 has indirect impact on the health of animals. The most important animal health constraints during this pandemic were unusual preventive practices such as vaccination and deworming, scarcity of drugs at veterinary clinic, low number of veterinarians and inability to cover cost of drugs and personnel. The present study suggest that the pandemic's impact on the livestock production, product supply chain and animal health services might be continue which will have significant effect on the sustainability of livestock production systems and contribution of livestock subsectors on the house hold and national economy and global food security. It is therefore, essential that the government and other concerned body should give attention to the livestock sector to mitigate the impacts of the disease.

COVID-19, caused by a newly discovered strain of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has had a significant impact on many sectors at the global, regional, and national levels, including the livestock sector. Study Methods: A questionnaire survey and observational study were carried out from September 2020 to November 2020 with the aim of assessing the impacts of COVID 19 on livestock farming practices, market chain, consumption of animal products, and animal health care services in selected districts of East Wollega zone. Small scale farmers, abattoir workers, consumers, and private sectors involved in the production, processing, and distribution of livestock products, and veterinarians were purposively selected for this study. Based on the survey, 365 (91.25%) respondents agreed as the pandemic was the major challenge to livestock farming practices. The assessment shows that COVID 19 created worst 270 (67.5%) and high impact 75 (18.75%). The major reasons mentioned were measures taken by the government such as lockdown, economic decline, low number of manpower due to calls to stay at home, and social distance. Observational studies indicated that dairy shops, meat shops, and local abattoirs, hotels, and restaurants were totally/partially closed, especially during the first 6 months of the pandemic. The average monthly income from livestock and their products showed about 60.93% shortfalls (from 1,130,500 birr to 688,800 birr). Regarding consumer perception, there was low demand for livestock products mainly due to the perceived disease risk. The most important animal health constraints during this pandemic were unusual preventive practices such as lack of vaccination and deworming, scarcity of drugs at the veterinary clinic, low number of veterinarians and inability to cover the cost of drugs and personnel. The present study suggests that the pandemic's impact on the livestock production, product supply chain and animal health services might be continue, which will have a significant effect on the sustainability of livestock production systems and the contribution of livestock subsectors on the household and national economy and global food security. It is therefore, essential that the government and other concerned bodies should give attention to the livestock sector to mitigate the impacts of the disease.