No abstract

Acute toxic effects of three commonly used insecticidal preparations of the organophosphates chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were examined in mixed breed broiler chicks, and cholinesterase activity in plasma and brain were measured. The acute (24 h) oral median lethal doses (LD 50 ) of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and dichlorvos were 10.79 mg kg -1 , 6.32 mg kg -1 , and 6.30 mg kg -1 , respectively, as determined by the up-and-down method in chicks. Signs of cholinergic toxicosis in the chicks appeared within two hours after dosing, and they included salivation, lacrimation, gasping, frequent defecation, drooping of wings, tremors, convulsions, and recumbency before death. Halving the oral LD 50 of chlorpyrifos (5 mg kg ) caused immobility and wing drooping, but not the clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity. However, at full LD 50 doses of these insecticides, chicks showed clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity similar to those seen in the LD 50 experiments. Two out of six chicks died within two hours after treatment with LD 50 doses of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, whereas LD 50 dosing with diazinon caused death in three out of six chicks. Compared to control values, the insecticides reduced plasma and whole brain cholinesterase activities by 29 % to 84 % and 18 % to 77 %, respectively, depending on the dose. The decrease in plasma cholinesterase correlated well (r = 0.82) with that of the brain. These data suggest that organophosphate insecticides administered orally at LD 50 doses induce clinical signs of cholinergic poisoning and concurrently reduce brain and plasma cholinesterase activities in chicks.

There were no studies about the analgesic effect of silymarin in the chicken. This study examined antinociceptive effect of silymarin given intraperitonially in 7-9 day-old chicks. The median effective dose of silymarin for the induction of analgesia to electric stimulation in the chicks was 65.3 mg/kg. Silymarin at 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg revealed analgesic effect to electric stimulation in chicks in dose dependent manner in comparison with the control group. The analgesic effect of silymarin at 120 and 240 mg/kg started at 15 min after injection and lasted after over 120 min of injection were as silymarin at 60 mg/kg the analgesic effect started at 15 min after injection and declined before 120 min of injection. The peak of analgesic effect for 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg were at 60 min after injection. These results indicate that silymarin have an analgesic property in the chicks model.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) and diclofenac coadministration on the hepatorenal function in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Materials and Methods: Birds (21 days old) were divided into six groups of eight birds each. The 1st group was the control, the 2nd group was treated orally with COQ10 (30 mg/kg b.wt), the 3rd and 4th groups were treated intraperitoneally with diclofenac sodium at doses 1 and 2 mg/kg b.wt, respectively, and the 5th and 6th groups were treated with COQ10 (dose 30 mg/kg b.wt, P.O.) and diclofenac sodium (dose 1 mg/kg b.wt, I.P.) and COQ10 (dose 30 mg/kg b.wt, P.O.) and diclofenac sodium (dose 2 mg/kg b.wt, I.P.), respectively. The experiment lasted 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, all the birds were sacrificed through cervical dislocation; blood samples were collected for serum biochemical analysis. Results: COQ10 induced a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride, while diclofenac induced a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AST, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride. However, when COQ10 and diclofenac were coadministered, we observed that COQ10 decreased the liver injury caused by diclofenac. However, COQ10 could not relieve the kidney injury caused by diclofenac, but worsened the impaired renal function. Conclusion: COQ10 protects the liver against diclofenac-induced liver injury while augmenting diclofenac-induced kidney injury.

The present study was undertaken to explore the analgesic effect of silymarin and ketamine alone or in combination in mice. Analgesia was measured by using a hot plate and the writhing test. The up-and-down method was used to determine the median effective analgesic dosages (ED50s) of silymarin and ketamine administered intraperitoneally (ip) either alone or together. The ED50s of both drugs were analyzed isobolographically to determine the type of pharmacological interaction between them. The analgesic ED50s for silymarin and ketamine in mice were 57.22 and 1.96 mg/kg, ip, respectively. Concomitant administration of the silymarin and ketamine at fixed ration (0.5:0.5) of their individual ED50s was 38.4 mg/kg and 1.28 mg/kg, ip, respectively. Silymarin and ketamine at fixed ration (1:1) of their individual ED50s were 47.54 mg/kg and 1.58 mg/kg, ip, respectively . Depending on the isobolographic analysis and calculating Y value, the type of pharmacological interaction between silymarin and ketamine at a ratio of 0.5:0.5 and 1:1 of their analgesic ED50 values of each drug , was antagonistic .In the writhing test the concomitant administration of silymarin and ketamine at 120mg/kg and 4mg/kg , ip, respectively reduce significantly the numbers of writhing in compare with silymarin120 mg/kg,ip and ketamine 4mg/kg, ip separately. The results suggest that the co-administration of silymarin and ketamine was ineffective to reduce the central pain while the concomitant administration of silymarin and ketamine was effective to reduce the visceral pain.

T HERE was a need to develop accurate and effective methods for assessing pain in birds in general and in chickens in particular, as chicks are laboratory animals that are easily raised and dealt with, as well as having neurological components to interact and respond to pain the same as in mammals. Birds have physiological and/or behavioral signs of pain. The physiological signs of pain include the change in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, and the flapping of the wing. The behavioral signs of pain that extend from the withdrawal response, calling, and the flapping of the wing. This article focused on the methods of pain assessment in birds in the published literature that varying according to the type of stimulus. However, this review offers information on pain assessment approaches and associated behavior, which can enhance specialists' Understanding of the pain causes and, thus, we can evaluate the analgesic drugs for pain in chicks.

The study aimed to explore the ameliorative effects of silymarin when administered with flunixin on the liver, kidney, and blood components in rats. The animals were divided into four groups; each one consists of five rats. The first group was served as a control. The second and third groups were treated with silymarin 200 mg/kg b.wt, p.o and flunixin 2.5 mg/kg b.wt, i.p respectively. The fourth group was treated with silymarin and flunixin concurrently. The involved rats were treated for seven consecutive days by a single daily dose. Following the treatment, the biochemical analysis ALT, AST, ALP, Urea, and Creatinine, blood analysis parameters RBC, HGB, HCT, WBC, and PLT, and a histopathological examination liver and kidney were studied for the involved animals. The results showed that flunixin increased the levels of ALT and AST and the concentrations of Urea and Creatinine, and the total number of WBC. Also silymarin caused a remarkable decrease in the flunixin adverse effects on the liver and kidneys. This was reflected from the histological features observed from the diverse tested groups. Based on these findings, the authors concluded that silymarin has the ability to reduce the harmful effects of flunixin on both the liver and the kidneys.

The study aimed to investigate the analgesic as well as anti-inflammatory effects of diclofenac and silymarin in chicks. The up and down procedure was used to assess the effective median analgesic dosages (ED50s) of diclofenac and silymarin administered intraperitoneally either alone or at the same time in chicks. Also, Analgesic and antiinflammatory effects were measured by using the formalin test. Isobolographically, ED50s of drugs were assessed for the manner of interaction between both. Formalin testing also supervised analgesic and anti-inflammatory coadministration impact of diclofenac and silymarin at doses 5 and 40 mg/kg and 2.5 and 20 mg/kg respectively. Analgesic ED50s for diclofenac and silymarin in chicks were 9.3 and 76.6 mg/kg separately. Concomitant administration of drugs at a fixed ratio 0.5:0.5 and 0.25:0.25 of their individual ED50 values reduced their ED50s to 2.3:18.6 mg/kg and 2.2:16.5 mg/kg separately. ED50s isobolographic analysis showed synergistic analgesic effects of both drugs. Additionally, coadministration of both drugs had effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect, as seen by formalin test, led to a significant rise in latency to lift right foot beside a significant decline in foot lifting frequency when compared with control value, the antiinflammatory reaction was demonstrated by a significant decrease in foot thickness compared to control value. In conclusion, the data indicate that diclofenac and silymarin coadministration controls acute pain synergistically, and suppress inflammatory reaction.