There were no studies about the analgesic effect of silymarin in the chicken. This study examined antinociceptive effect of silymarin given intraperitonially in 7-9 day-old chicks. The median effective dose of silymarin for the induction of analgesia to electric stimulation in the chicks was 65.3 mg/kg. Silymarin at 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg revealed analgesic effect to electric stimulation in chicks in dose dependent manner in comparison with the control group. The analgesic effect of silymarin at 120 and 240 mg/kg started at 15 min after injection and lasted after over 120 min of injection were as silymarin at 60 mg/kg the analgesic effect started at 15 min after injection and declined before 120 min of injection. The peak of analgesic effect for 60, 120 and 240 mg/kg were at 60 min after injection. These results indicate that silymarin have an analgesic property in the chicks model.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of coenzyme Q10 (COQ10) and diclofenac coadministration on the hepatorenal function in broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Materials and Methods: Birds (21 days old) were divided into six groups of eight birds each. The 1st group was the control, the 2nd group was treated orally with COQ10 (30 mg/kg b.wt), the 3rd and 4th groups were treated intraperitoneally with diclofenac sodium at doses 1 and 2 mg/kg b.wt, respectively, and the 5th and 6th groups were treated with COQ10 (dose 30 mg/kg b.wt, P.O.) and diclofenac sodium (dose 1 mg/kg b.wt, I.P.) and COQ10 (dose 30 mg/kg b.wt, P.O.) and diclofenac sodium (dose 2 mg/kg b.wt, I.P.), respectively. The experiment lasted 5 days. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, all the birds were sacrificed through cervical dislocation; blood samples were collected for serum biochemical analysis. Results: COQ10 induced a significant increase in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride, while diclofenac induced a significant increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), AST, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium, and chloride. However, when COQ10 and diclofenac were coadministered, we observed that COQ10 decreased the liver injury caused by diclofenac. However, COQ10 could not relieve the kidney injury caused by diclofenac, but worsened the impaired renal function. Conclusion: COQ10 protects the liver against diclofenac-induced liver injury while augmenting diclofenac-induced kidney injury.

The data suggest that the combination of metoclopramide and ketamine synergistically controls acute pain in mice. This combination could be used clinically for restraint and minor surgical interventions in mice.

The present study was undertaken to explore the analgesic effect of silymarin and ketamine alone or in combination in mice. Analgesia was measured by using a hot plate and the writhing test. The up-and-down method was used to determine the median effective analgesic dosages (ED50s) of silymarin and ketamine administered intraperitoneally (ip) either alone or together. The ED50s of both drugs were analyzed isobolographically to determine the type of pharmacological interaction between them. The analgesic ED50s for silymarin and ketamine in mice were 57.22 and 1.96 mg/kg, ip, respectively. Concomitant administration of the silymarin and ketamine at fixed ration (0.5:0.5) of their individual ED50s was 38.4 mg/kg and 1.28 mg/kg, ip, respectively. Silymarin and ketamine at fixed ration (1:1) of their individual ED50s were 47.54 mg/kg and 1.58 mg/kg, ip, respectively . Depending on the isobolographic analysis and calculating Y value, the type of pharmacological interaction between silymarin and ketamine at a ratio of 0.5:0.5 and 1:1 of their analgesic ED50 values of each drug , was antagonistic .In the writhing test the concomitant administration of silymarin and ketamine at 120mg/kg and 4mg/kg , ip, respectively reduce significantly the numbers of writhing in compare with silymarin120 mg/kg,ip and ketamine 4mg/kg, ip separately. The results suggest that the co-administration of silymarin and ketamine was ineffective to reduce the central pain while the concomitant administration of silymarin and ketamine was effective to reduce the visceral pain.

Propofol is an ultra-short acting anesthetic agent. The information on the pharmacological and toxicological effects of propofol in the chicken is rather limited. This study examines the toxicity and pharmaco-behavioral effects of propofol given intraperitoneally in 7–10 day-old chicks. The median effective doses of propofol for the induction of sedation, analgesia to electric stimulation and sleep in the chicks were 1.82, 2.21 and 5.71 mg/kg, respectively. The 24-h median lethal dose of propofol in chicks was 57.22 mg/kg. The therapeutic indices of propofol for sedation, analgesia and sleep were 31.4, 25.9 and 10, respectively. Propofol at 0.5 and 1 mg/kg reduced the locomotor activity and increased the duration of tonic immobility in chicks. Propofol at 2 and 4 mg/kg caused analgesia to electric stimulation as well as analgesia and anti-inflammatory responses against formalin test in chicks. Propofol at 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg induced sleep in chicks for 8.4 to 25 min. Physostigmine shortened the sleep duration of propofol. Data suggest that propofol induces anti-inflammatory action and central nervous system depression in chicks resulting in sedation, analgesia and anesthesia with wide safety margin. These effects could form the basis of further pharmacological and toxicological studies on propofol in the young chick model, and the drug could be safely applied clinically in the chicken.

This study assessed in vitro inhibition of plasma and brain cholinesterases (ChE) by the organophosphate insecticides chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos in chicks at ages of 2, 10, 20 and 30 days. Plasma samples and whole-brain homogenates of each age group were pooled and ChE activity was determined by an electrometric method with or without the organophosphate (0.5 and 1.0 µM). ChE inhibitions were the highest in 2-and 10-day-old chicks (20-83%), followed by 5-73% inhibitions at ages of 20 and 30 days. Cholrpyrifos decreased plasma ChE activity only at the ages of 2 and 10 days by 21-75%. Dichlorvos decreased plasma ChE activity at all the ages tested (2-30 days) by 39-83%. The highest percentage of plasma ChE inhibition by chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos was in 2-day-old chicks. In the brain homogenate, chlorpyrifos decreased the ChE activity between ages 2 and 20 days by 20-62%. The highest percentage of brain ChE inhibition occurred at the age of 10 days and the least was at 20 and 30 days. Dichlorvos decreased brain ChE activity between ages 2 and 20 days by 24-74%. At the age of 30 days, only the higher concentration of dichlorvos (1 µM) decreased brain ChE activity by 27%. The data suggest an age-related differential in vitro inhibition of plasma and brain ChE s in chicks. In vitro ChE inhibition, though it does not exclude interfering factors, could be useful for initial screening of the inhibitory actions of organophosphate insecticides in chickens.

T HERE was a need to develop accurate and effective methods for assessing pain in birds in general and in chickens in particular, as chicks are laboratory animals that are easily raised and dealt with, as well as having neurological components to interact and respond to pain the same as in mammals. Birds have physiological and/or behavioral signs of pain. The physiological signs of pain include the change in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure, and the flapping of the wing. The behavioral signs of pain that extend from the withdrawal response, calling, and the flapping of the wing. This article focused on the methods of pain assessment in birds in the published literature that varying according to the type of stimulus. However, this review offers information on pain assessment approaches and associated behavior, which can enhance specialists' Understanding of the pain causes and, thus, we can evaluate the analgesic drugs for pain in chicks.

Flumazenil is choosy and competitive GABA receptor blocker that serves as an antidote to benzodiazepines overdose. Its administration in humans and some animal's model is connected with nervousness, anxiety responses, or seizures attacks. The objective of this study was to scrutinize the neurobehavioral reaction as well as sedative and anxiolytic actions of flumazenil in chick's model. The Median effective dose of flumazenil injected chicks was 0.114 mg/kg i.p. Flumazenil at 0.04 and 0.08 mg/kg diminished the locomotors activity, prolonged the period of tonic immobility and have anxiolytic action in chicks. Flumazenil at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg cause mild sedation in chicks. Flumazenil at 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg have antagonistic effects in chicks sedated with diazepam at 10mg/kg. Flumazenil demonstrated fairly unexpectedly a depressant effect in the open field test and sedative and anxiolytic bias attention test in the chick's model. These findings indicate that the impact of flumazenil is indicative of the characteristics of partial agonists when given on its own and antagonist when given after diazepam according to the neurobehavioral tests.