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The aim of the study was the characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) and quinolone resistance in cefotaxime-resistant coliform isolates from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). ESBLs were detected in 19 out of 24 isolates (79%) from raw water and in 21 out of 24 isolates (87.5%) from treated water, identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Molecular characterization of ESBLs and quinolone resistance showed allele profiles CTX-M-15 (3), CTX-M-3 (5), CTX-M-15+qnrB1 (1), CTX-M-3+qnrB1 (1), CTX-M-15+aac-(6')-Ib-cr (4), and CTX-M-15+qnrB1+aac-(6')-Ib-cr (7). A double mutation S83L and D87N (GyrA) and a single mutation S80I (ParC) were detected in ciprofloxacin-resistant E. coli isolates. In K. pneumoniae, mutations S83I (GyrA)+S80I (ParC) or single S80I mutation were detected in ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates, and no mutation was observed in ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates. bla(CTX-M), qnrB1, and aac-(6')-Ib-cr were found, respectively, in these genetic environments: ISEcp1-bla(CTX-M)-orf477, orf1005-orf1-qnrB1, and Tn1721-IS26-aac-(6')-Ib-cr-bla(OXA-1)-catB4. bla(CTX-M-15) was located on IncF plasmid in E. coli and bla(CTX-M-3) on IncL/M plasmid in both species (E. coli and K. pneumoniae). E. coli isolates were affiliated to the phylogroups/MLST: D/ST405 (CC405), A/ST10 (CC10), A/ST617 (CC10), and B1/ST1431. K. pneumoniae isolates belonged to phylogroup KpI and to sequence types ST15, ST17, ST36, ST48, ST54, and ST147. The study showed a multi-drug resistance at the inflow and outflow of the WWTP, with ESBL production, plasmid-mediated quinolones resistance, and mutations in topoisomerases. The findings highlight the similarity of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in the clinical setting and the environment, and the role of the latter as a source of dissemination of resistance genes.

SHV-12, QnrS1, QnrB1 and QnrB4 were reported for the first time in Algeria. This study also described a co-expression of qnrS1 and qnrB4 by an SHV-12 producer isolate.

This study highlighted the high prevalence of imipenem resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii in Algiers hospitals mediated mainly by blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24-like, and blaNDM-1 genes.

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The aim of the study was to investigate antibiotic resistance mechanisms, virulence traits, and genetic background of 150 nonrepetitive community-acquired uropathogenic Escherichia coli (CA-UPEC) from Algeria. A rate of 46.7% of isolates was multidrug resistant. bla genes detected were blaTEM (96.8% of amoxicillin-resistant isolates), blaCTX-M-15 (4%), overexpressed blaAmpC (4%), blaSHV-2a, blaTEM-4, blaTEM-31, and blaTEM-35 (0.7%). All tetracycline-resistant isolates (51.3%) had tetA and/or tetB genes. Sulfonamides and trimethoprim resistance genes were sul2 (60.8%), sul1 (45.9%), sul3 (6.7%), dfrA14 (25.4%), dfrA1 (18.2%), dfrA12 (16.3%), and dfrA25 (5.4%). High-level fluoroquinolone resistance (22.7%) was mediated by mutations in gyrA (S83L-D87N) and parC (S80I-E84G/V or S80I) genes. qnrB5, qnrS1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr were rare (5.3%). Class 1 and/or class 2 integrons were detected (40.7%). Isolates belonged to phylogroups B2+D (50%), A+B1 (36%), and F+C+Clade I (13%). Most of D (72.2%) and 38.6% of B2 isolates were multidrug resistant; they belong to 14 different sequence types, including international successful ST131, ST73, and ST69, reported for the first time in the community in Algeria and new ST4494 and ST4529 described in this study. Besides multidrug resistance, B2 and D isolates possessed virulence factors of colonization, invasion, and long-term persistence. The study highlighted multidrug-resistant CA-UPEC with high virulence traits and an epidemic genetic background.

Introduction: Hospital effluents are a source of environmental pollution by drugs, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and resistance genes. Quinolones, particularly ciprofloxacin, are commonly detected in these effluents, contributing to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to characterize ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in hospital effluents. Methodology: Isolates were selected on Tergitol-7 agar supplemented with ciprofloxacin and genotyped by ERIC-PCR. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using the disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using the agar dilution method. Resistance genes, integrons, phylogenetic groups, and sequence types were identified by PCR and sequencing. Results: A total of 17 ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates were characterized: Escherichia coli, Escherichia vulneris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Citrobacter freundii, and Citrobacter koseri/farmeri. Isolates presented concomitant resistance to nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, and pefloxacin. A diversity in mutation patterns in gyrA and parC genes and new amino-acid substitutions in GyrA subunit were observed. Quinolone plasmidic resistance genes qnrB1, qnrB2, qnrB5/19, qnrS1, and aac(6')-Ib-cr were detected. Resistance to other antibiotic classes was observed. Class 1 integrons and resistance genes blaCTX- sul1, sul2, sul3, tetA, tetB, aadA1/2, aadA5, aac(3) II, dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, and dfrA12 were detected. Bacterial tolerance to cadmium, zinc, and mercury was observed with the presence of the merA gene. E. coli isolates belonged to phylogenetic groups A, B1, and D and to sequence types ST405, ST443, ST101, ST10, and ST347. Conclusions: This study highlighted bacterial multidrug resistance linked to ciprofloxacin and, consequently, the risk of bacterial exposure to this antibiotic.