Seven isoflavonoids, including a new glycoside, (6aR,11aR)-medicarpin-3-O-gentiobioside (6), were isolated from the roots of Maackia amurensis using repeated column chromatography on a Toyopearl HW-50F sorbent and identified by HPLC-PDA-MS, 1 H NMR, 13 C, 1 H-1 H COSY, HSQC NMR and HMBC NMR analyses as daidzin (1), genistein-7-O-gentiobioside (2), pseudobaptigenin-7-O-gentiobioside (3), formononetin-7-O-gentiobioside (4), (6aR,11aR)maackiain-3-O-gentiobioside (5), and 5-O-methylgenistein-7-O-gentiobioside (7). In the model of oxidative stress induced by formalin injection, the isolated isoflavone and pterocarpan glucosides 1-7 were shown to reduce the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and other thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPO) activity in rats.
Review discusses the mechanisms of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of flavonoids. In discussing the antioxidant effect detail the mechanisms of scavenging of reactive oxygen species, the chelation of transition metals, the activation of antioxidant enzymes. In consideration of anti-inflammatory action emphasis on the effects of flavonoids on the activity of the transcription factors and pathways involved in the formation of the inflammatory response. (For citation: Zverev YaF. Flavonoids through the eyes of a pharmacologist. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2017;15(4):5-13. doi: 10.17816/RCF1545-13).
The review focused on pharmacokinetics of the six major subclasses of flavonoids: their distribution, consumption and metabolism. Particular attention is paid to the problem of the bioavailability of these plant polyphenolic compounds, the differences of the effects obtained in experiments in vitro and in vivo. Discusses the dependence of the efficiency of flavonoids by the characteristics of the processes of metabolism in humans. Emphasizes the role of the epithelium of small intestine and microbiota of the colon in ensuring biological activity of flavonoids. (For citation: Zverev YaF. Flavonoids through the eyes of a pharmacologist. Features and problems of pharmacokinetics. Reviews on Clinical Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2017;15(2):4-11. doi: 10.17816/RCF1524-11).
The literature review is devoted to the study of the mechanisms of the cardioprotective action of a new class of glucose-lowering drugs glyflozins, which inhibit the joint transport of sodium and glucose in the proximal renal tubules. The large-scale clinical trials carried out in recent years have demonstrated the beneficial effect of these compounds not only on glycemic control, but also on the progression of heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus. Analysis of literature data shows that the effect under consideration is due to both the positive systemic cardiovascular and direct cardiotropic action of the drugs. The first part of the review examines the systemic effect of drugs, including their diuretic, natriuretic and antihypertensive effects, increased hematocrit, vascular effects that influence arterial stiffness, smooth muscle tone, and endothelial dysfunction. The metabolic effects of type 2 sodium and glucose co-transport inhibitors are discussed separately, including an increase in lipolysis, the role of glucagon and activation of ketogenesis, and their contribution to the development of a probable cardioprotective effect.
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