There are many benefits of promoting of native chickens for rural poultry development in Indonesia. They are commonly raised in many areas of Indonesia and play a major role in food production, providing the main source of dietary animal protein for many people. They are often called “non-breed chickens"— (“or (“buras") to differentiate them from modern commercialized chicken breeds. There are at least 34 kinds of native chickens in Indonesia. Some of the more common native chickens, namely Ayunai, Balenggek, Banten, Bangkok, Burgo, Bekisar, Cemani, Ciparage, Gaok, Kampung, Kasintu, Kedu, Pelung, Lamba, Maleo, Merawang, Nagrak, Nunukan, Nusa Penida, Olagan, Sedayu, Sentul, Sumatera, Tolaki, Tukung, Wareng, Sabu, and Semau. Some of them are used for non-food purposes. Indonesia with its population is over 258.71 million people in 2016 has an annual level of protein consumption from poultry meat of 12.97 kg/capita/year and poultry eggs exceeded 190 eggs/capita/year. They accounted for about 10% of Indonesia‘s total meat consumption compared to broiler (55%), beef (19%), pork (8%), goat (7%), and others (1%) with its per capita meat consumption from livestock is still lower compared to many countries. There are three types of husbandry systems are used to raise native chickens in Indonesia. First, the extensive traditional system, farmers usually reared them ranged between 2 to 20 birds. Second, the semi-intensive with the bird numbers typically range from the least ownership of 25 birds to hundreds. Finally, there is professionally managed intensive system. The number of chickens reared is varies from hundreds to thousands.

ABSTRAKPengembangan ternak sapi potong yang digalakkan oleh pemerintah dengan mencanangkan program swasembada daging pada tahun 2014 bertujuan untuk meningkatkan produktivitas ternak sapi potong sehingga dapat bersaing dengan sapi impor. Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) merupakan salah satu provinsi yang diarahkan untuk pengembangan peternakan melalui plasma nutfah dan penggunaan teknologi peternakan. salah satu ciri dari usaha peternakan rakyat adalah orientasinya belum sepenuhnya bersifat bisnis dan biasanya dilakukan sebagai usaha sambilan yang tidak terlalu mementingkan keuntungan secara finansial. Pendapatan nyata lebih besar akan diperoleh pada saat lama waktu pemeliharaan 6 bulan atau dibawah nilai rataan dan selanjutnya cenderung terjadi penurunan dengan semakin bertambah panjangnya lama waktu pemeliharaan yang dilakukan. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi ekonomi rumahtangga peternak penggemukan sapi potong pada peternakan rakyat di Kabupaten Kupang, meliputi 3 (tiga) kecamatan sebagai berikut: a) Kecamatan Amarasi Timur, b) Kecamatan Kupang Timur, dan c) Kecamatan Amarasi Barat. Pemilihan kelompok peternak contoh secara acak sederhana sebanyak dua kelompok dari tiap kecamatan dimana setiap kelompok terdiri dari 20 orang petani peternak. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pendapatan usaha ternak sapi potong pola penggemukan adalah Rp. 10,626,667,-/tahun/peternak dengan besaran kontribusi sebesar 44,15 % dari total pendapatan rumahtangga. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah penggemukan sapi potong di tingkat peternakan rakyat di Kabupaten Kupang merupakan sumber pendapatan utama di tingkat responden.Kata kunci: ekonomi rumahtangga, penggemukan sapi potong, peternakan rakyat Kupang, covering 3 (three) ABSTRACT Development of beef cattle promoted by the government by declaring a program of meat selfsufficiency in 2014 aims to increase the productivity of beef cattle so that it can compete with imported cattle. East Nusa Tenggara Province (NTT) is one of the provinces directed to the development of livestock through germplasm and the use of livestock technology. One of the hallmarks of smallholder livestock business is that its orientation is not yet entirely business-driven and is usually done as a sideline that is not too concerned with financial gain. Significantly greater revenues will be earned during the maintenance period of 6 months or below the average value and further tends to decrease with increasing length of maintenance time. The objective of this research is to know the economic condition of farmer household of fattening beef cattle at livestock farm in Regency of

The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of Ettawah goat at the kidding period, which supplemented concentrate containing katuk leaf flour and bio complex Zn flour. 16 goats were being used in the study with an average body weight of 38.19±2.4 kg. The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates. The treatments were: T0=breeder pattern feed (forage of lamtoro + 0.5 kg concentrate); T1=feed pattern breeder + katuk leaf flour 77.5g; T2=T1+Zn bio complex 1.03 g/kg concentrate; and T3=T1+Zn bio complex 2.06 g/kg concentrate. Variables measured included milk production, milk quality, birth weight of the kid. The results showed that treatments had a highly significant effect (p<0.01) on the birth weight of kid and milk production, but it was not significant (p>0.05) on milk quality. Average birth weight of the kid, T0: 2.54±0.08kg; T1: 3.09±0.39kg; T2: 3.10±0.21kg and T3: 3.39±0.61kg. Average does milk production T0: 618.99±5.96; T1: 961.38±38.09; T2: 1016.49±17.35 and T3: 1144.00±92.67ml/head/day. concluded that supplementation of katuk flour and Zn bio complex in feed concentrate for elderly pregnant does of Ettawah goat breeders could increase milk production and birth weight of kid during kidding period.

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An experiment was conducted for 30 days to evaluate the performance of finisher broiler chickens fed maggot meal as a supplement in the commercial diets on their performance of finisher broiler chickens. Maggot meal was analysed to contain 40.12% CP, 10.97% CF, 6.88% EE, 15.88% ash. The four treatments used in this experiment were: (1) T0: commercial ration without maggot meal; (2) T1: commercial ration with 75% maggot meal; (3) T2: commercial ration with 50% maggot meal; and (4) T3: commercial ration added with 25% maggot meal. Statistical analyses showed that the treatments did not affect (P<0.05) feed consumption. However, they did effect (P>0.05) daily weight gain and feed efficiency of the birds. Maggot supplementation could reduce 25% commercial ration fed to broiler chickens.

Market concentration is an important indicator to see the market structure and level of competition in beef cattle industry. This study used data of farmers and traders from Kupang Regency, ENT Province, Indonesia to see market concentration, namely, Concentration Ratio(CR4), Hirschman-Herfindahl Index(HHI), Hannan-Key index(CPI), Rosenbluth index(IR) and Entropy index(IE). The results showed that the market concentration of beef cattle at the farmers level was categorized as perfect competition markets and market concentration at the level of traders was categorized as the oligopsonistic competition market. The market structure between farmers and traders in ENT made the income received by farmers is always low that is approaching or not even exceeding production costs. Therefore an accurate and transparent market information system is needed in ENT so that farmers are able to have bargaining power so as to obtain fair profits. Even though the income derived from the sale of cattle is low, the beef cattle farmers still survives in their business because they do their business as a job carried out from generation to generation to support their household economy. Beef cattle farming as a way of life is kept to fulfill the social and cultural demands of society in ENT.

The study aimed to evaluate zinc sulfate and Zn-Cu isoleusinat supplementation with concentrates on rumen fermentation of Bali cattle. The experiment design used randomized block design. The animal randomized, assigned into four groups of treatment diet. They were T0 = Ammoniated kume grass standing hay + concentrate (60:40); T1 = T0 + 150 mg ZnSO4/kg DM concentrate + 1 % Zn-Cu isoleusinate; T2 = T0 + 150 mg ZnSO4/kg DM concentrate + 2 % Zn-Cu isoleusinate; and T3 = T0 + 150 mg ZnSO4/kg DM concentrate + 3 % Zn-Cu isoleusinate. Supplementation zinc sulfate and Zn-Cu isoleusinate in the concentrate did not increase significantly NH3 concentration, total VFA, acetate, and butyrate production. However, supplementation zinc sulfate and Zn-Cu isoleusinate increase significantly (P<0.01) propionate production, decrease propionate and acetate ratio. The best of rumen fermentation achieved at level of ZnSO4 and Zn-Cu isoleusinate supplementation 150 mg ZnSO4 kg−1. Concentrate and 2% Zn-Cu isoleusinat kg−1 diet. It can concluded supplementing Bali cattle with combination of 1.5% lemuru oil, 150 mg ZnSO4/kg DM concentrate and 2% Zn-Cu isoleucinate / kg DM ration had increased NH3, VFA concentrations, C3 production, but decreased C2 and C2/C3 ratio which positively correlated with decrease in CH4 gas production.

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