<p class="Default">The present study was carried out to analyze bioactive compounds and their their antifeedant activityity in the cashew nut (Anacardiaceae) shell extract against <em>Bemisia tabaci</em>. Hexane was used as solvent in the extraction. The result showed that shell extract of total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were 63.11 mg gallic acid equivalents g^-1; 1.79 mg quercetin equivalents g^-1; and 16.04 mg gallic acid equivalents g^-1, respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that anacardic acid has the highest concentration (76.93 %) in the extract. The viscous extract of cashew nut at concentration of 0.75 % was able to inhibit the landing and provided an active role as anti-oviposition on <em>B. tabaci</em>. There were significantly fewer landings than after use of insecticide with imidacloprid active compound at concentration of 0.50 %, after 72 h of application. Mortalities of <em>B. tabaci</em> caused by extracts with concentration of 1.50 % and 3.00 % were not significantly different after 24 and 48 h of application. At concentration of 3.00 % there was no phytotoxic effect. The highest mortality of <em>B. tabaci </em>was obtained at concentration of 6.00 %. However, concentration of 6 % of extract caused phytotoxic symptoms on soybean leaves.</p>

Cashew nut shell (CNS), which are one of the most still is tropical biomass waste. This study was aimed to test mortality rates of CNS extract against the first to third instar nymphs of Silverleaf Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.1889). The concentration of CNS extract were: 0.22 %, 0.67 %, 2.00 %, 6.00 %. The LC50 and LC90 values indicated that CNS extract at concentration of 2.00 % were the most toxic compound to the first instar stage followed by CNS extract at concentration of 6.00 %, 0.67 %, imidacloprit, and CNS at concentration of 0.22 %, respectively. The concentration of 6.00 % showed the most toxic effect to the second stage followed by CNS extract at concentration of 2.00 %, 0.67 %, imidacloprit, and CNS at concentration of 0.22 %, respectively. The lethal concentration (LC50−90) value of the CNS extract at concentration of 6.00 %, at concentration of 2.00 %, 0.67 %, imidacloprit, CNS extract at concentration of showed the toxicity against the third instar nymph. This CNS extract at concentration of 2.00 % could be used to suppress of the B. tabaci nymphs of different stages (first to third instar) and negative effect of phytotoxicity on the soybean leaves.

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Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the viruses, which can reduce the quality and the amount of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. Control of the disease by planting resistant varieties to SMV is considered as the best method and environmentally safe. The aim of this research was to identify resistance to SMV with high yield on F7 soybean lines. Each of 56 best F7 lines was obtained from selection of F2 to F6 lines using the modified bulk method. Every breeding line was planted together with its parents in one block. Each line was grown in a 2 m × 3 m plot at a 40 cm × 15 cm plant spacing. The trial was set in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Resistance to SMV-T isolate was analyzed by symptom observation and serological detection using Double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS ELISA). The symptoms varied from mild, mosaic, necrotic and symptomless reactions. Out of the 56 soybean lines, 54 soybean lines reacted negative. Titre of virus showed absorbance values lower than two lines were susceptible, i.e. (1) W/PI 200485-7-8; (2) GK/Mlg 3288-7-11. The highest yield (2.59 t/ha) with the lowest disease severity category achieved by lines (GK/PI 200485-7-8). There were significant differences in disease severity and seed yields between Wilis and Gepak Kuning varieties as parents with high yield potential in breeding line. The path analysis indicated that the number of pods per plant directly affected the seed yields.

Antiviral Activity of Cashew Nut Shell Extract Against Cowpea mild mottle virus on Soybean. Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) is one of important virus on soybean. Management of CPMMV is usually by controlling its vector using insecticide which has adverse effect on environmental and non target insect. Therefore, it is important to find an alternative control which is environment friendly such as utilizing of plant extract. Cashew nut shell (CNS) is a waste during processing of cashew nut and reported containing some antimicrobe substances.  The research was aimed to evaluated the potency of CNS extract as antiviral against CPMMV. The experiment was designed by Randomized Block Design with 4 replicates and each treatment unit consisted of 10 plants. The application method (prior and post virus inoculation, mixing of virus sap and CNS extract) and concentration of CNS extract (0.75 %; 1.5 %; 3.0 %; 6.0 %) were evaluated the effectiveness of their combination to inhibit CPMMV infection. The application of CNS extract were abled to decreased disease incidence and increase incubation period compared  to untreated with CNS extract. and severity of treated plants significantly. However, plants treated with concentration 3.0 %  and 6.0 % prior virus inoculation and mixing CNS extract with concentration 1.5 %, 3.0 %, and 6.0 % with CPMMV sap showed that the virus titre was negatively detected by ELISA using CPMMV antisera.  It is indicated that the potential of CNS extract as antiviral. All treatments combination able to suppress virus infection without phytotoxicity effect, except CNS 6.0 % treatment.

Soybean mosaic disease is wide spread throughout soybean-growing countries. Incidence of this disease in East Java is caused by Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) and cowpea mild mottle virus (CMMV).  This aim of study was to find the etiology of  disease at 14-28 days after planting (dap) on soybean.  Research was done by observing visual symptoms. Visual symptoms confirmed by infectivity test, serology assay,electron microscopy (EM) and molecular detection. Results from experiment indicated that soybean plants (14-28 dap) with  symptom  could be detected in infectivity test. Mechanical inoculation with symptomatic leaf extracts produced local lessions on Chenopodium amaranticolor. Positive results were obtained for Madiun, Ngawi, and Magetan samples when tested against antiserum of SMV in serological assay, however Ponorogo samples were not detected by serological assay. Electron microscopy was also done for the selected sample to confirm the result of positive results.  In EM observations, characteristic filamentous particles with modal length close to  900 nm  were observed in samples infected with SMV.  We detected an array of amplification products of expected size 1385 bp fragment of  cylindrical inclusion gene from Madiun, Ngawi, and Magetan isolates in former fields, but not detected in Ponorogo isolate. This result showed the existence of SMV of soybean seed transmission at 14-28 dap in Madiun, Magetan and Ngawi.

Different concentrations of cashew (Anacardium occidentale Linn) leaves, nutshells, and peduncle bagasse ashes extract evaluated for growth inhibition of Capnodium sp and the antifungal activity. Results revealed that different concentration of cashew leaves, nutshells, and peduncle bagasse ashes extracts showed values difference of absorbance (DA) ranging from 0.00 to 0.42. All the concentrations of extracts showed significant inhibition in the spore germination of sooty mould. The highest levels caused maximum inhibition in the spore germination followed by lower concentrations of cashew nut shells, peduncle bagasse and leaf extracts respectively. Cashew nut shells extract had a high level of total polyphenolic, flavonoid content, pH and low values of titratable acidity, which could be attributed to its potent antifungal activity.

Raising rabbits is one of the main activities of the business group in Tanjungsari Village, Panekan District, Magetan Regency. Raising rabbits provides several advantages, including: 1) feed that is easy to obtain and cheap; 2) easy maintenance method; 3) the number of children produced from the parent is counted. In addition, rabbit urine can be used for liquid organic fertilizer. Rabbit urine as one of the mainstay organic fertilizers for farmer groups in Panekan District, so far the potential of rabbit urine has not been developed optimally. The objectives of this activity are to: (1) utilize waste derived from rabbit urine; (2) improve the management of rabbit breeder groups. The method used is education and facilitation. Education is carried out by: (1) providing counseling to groups of rabbit breeders for the manufacture of organic fertilizer derived from rabbit urine; (2) introduction of fertilizer-making equipment; (3) assistance for training on the use of tools, group motivation, marketing management of organic fertilizer products derived from rabbit urine. Facilitate by providing appropriate tools needed by the group for the manufacture of organic fertilizers. This effort is carried out to utilize waste derived from rabbit urine and increase economic added value for rabbit breeders.