<p class="Default">The present study was carried out to analyze bioactive compounds and their their antifeedant activityity in the cashew nut (Anacardiaceae) shell extract against <em>Bemisia tabaci</em>. Hexane was used as solvent in the extraction. The result showed that shell extract of total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins were 63.11 mg gallic acid equivalents g<sup>-</sup>1; 1.79 mg quercetin equivalents g<sup>-1</sup>; and 16.04 mg gallic acid equivalents g<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses showed that anacardic acid has the highest concentration (76.93 %) in the extract. The viscous extract of cashew nut at concentration of 0.75 % was able to inhibit the landing and provided an active role as anti-oviposition on <em>B. tabaci</em>. There were significantly fewer landings than after use of insecticide with imidacloprid active compound at concentration of 0.50 %, after 72 h of application. Mortalities of <em>B. tabaci</em> caused by extracts with concentration of 1.50 % and 3.00 % were not significantly different after 24 and 48 h of application. At concentration of 3.00 % there was no phytotoxic effect. The highest mortality of <em>B. tabaci </em>was obtained at concentration of 6.00 %. However, concentration of 6 % of extract caused phytotoxic symptoms on soybean leaves.</p>
Cashew nut shell (CNS), which are one of the most still is tropical biomass waste. This study was aimed to test mortality rates of CNS extract against the first to third instar nymphs of Silverleaf Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.1889). The concentration of CNS extract were: 0.22 %, 0.67 %, 2.00 %, 6.00 %. The LC50 and LC90 values indicated that CNS extract at concentration of 2.00 % were the most toxic compound to the first instar stage followed by CNS extract at concentration of 6.00 %, 0.67 %, imidacloprit, and CNS at concentration of 0.22 %, respectively. The concentration of 6.00 % showed the most toxic effect to the second stage followed by CNS extract at concentration of 2.00 %, 0.67 %, imidacloprit, and CNS at concentration of 0.22 %, respectively. The lethal concentration (LC50−90) value of the CNS extract at concentration of 6.00 %, at concentration of 2.00 %, 0.67 %, imidacloprit, CNS extract at concentration of showed the toxicity against the third instar nymph. This CNS extract at concentration of 2.00 % could be used to suppress of the B. tabaci nymphs of different stages (first to third instar) and negative effect of phytotoxicity on the soybean leaves.
Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is one of the viruses, which can reduce the quality and the amount of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. Control of the disease by planting resistant varieties to SMV is considered as the best method and environmentally safe. The aim of this research was to identify resistance to SMV with high yield on F7 soybean lines. Each of 56 best F7 lines was obtained from selection of F2 to F6 lines using the modified bulk method. Every breeding line was planted together with its parents in one block. Each line was grown in a 2 m × 3 m plot at a 40 cm × 15 cm plant spacing. The trial was set in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Resistance to SMV-T isolate was analyzed by symptom observation and serological detection using Double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS ELISA). The symptoms varied from mild, mosaic, necrotic and symptomless reactions. Out of the 56 soybean lines, 54 soybean lines reacted negative. Titre of virus showed absorbance values lower than two lines were susceptible, i.e. (1) W/PI 200485-7-8; (2) GK/Mlg 3288-7-11. The highest yield (2.59 t/ha) with the lowest disease severity category achieved by lines (GK/PI 200485-7-8). There were significant differences in disease severity and seed yields between Wilis and Gepak Kuning varieties as parents with high yield potential in breeding line. The path analysis indicated that the number of pods per plant directly affected the seed yields.
Antiviral Activity of Cashew Nut Shell Extract Against Cowpea mild mottle virus on Soybean. Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV) is one of important virus on soybean. Management of CPMMV is usually by controlling its vector using insecticide which has adverse effect on environmental and non target insect. Therefore, it is important to find an alternative control which is environment friendly such as utilizing of plant extract. Cashew nut shell (CNS) is a waste during processing of cashew nut and reported containing some antimicrobe substances. The research was aimed to evaluated the potency of CNS extract as antiviral against CPMMV. The experiment was designed by Randomized Block Design with 4 replicates and each treatment unit consisted of 10 plants. The application method (prior and post virus inoculation, mixing of virus sap and CNS extract) and concentration of CNS extract (0.75 %; 1.5 %; 3.0 %; 6.0 %) were evaluated the effectiveness of their combination to inhibit CPMMV infection. The application of CNS extract were abled to decreased disease incidence and increase incubation period compared to untreated with CNS extract. and severity of treated plants significantly. However, plants treated with concentration 3.0 % and 6.0 % prior virus inoculation and mixing CNS extract with concentration 1.5 %, 3.0 %, and 6.0 % with CPMMV sap showed that the virus titre was negatively detected by ELISA using CPMMV antisera. It is indicated that the potential of CNS extract as antiviral. All treatments combination able to suppress virus infection without phytotoxicity effect, except CNS 6.0 % treatment.
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