No abstract

ObjetivoAvaliar o estado nutricional e a ingestão alimentar de mulheres adultas sadias durante o ciclo menstrual. MétodosQuarenta e cinco voluntárias foram acompanhadas durante três meses. A avaliação do estado nutricional foi baseada no índice de massa corporal, porcentagem de gordura e água corporal. Foram aplicados seis registros alimentares para análise da ingestão dos grupos de alimentos, usando como base o guia alimentar da pirâmide. Para a observação do sintoma "desejos alimentares", foram utilizados três "mapas de sintomas diários". ResultadosOs valores médios de índice de massa corporal e de porcentagem de gordura corporal apresentaram-se normais em ambas as fases, entretanto foi observado maior percentual de mulheres com água corporal acima do padrão na fase lútea (77%). O consumo de alimentos do grupo complementar foi maior na fase lútea. Todos os outros grupos de alimentos, com exceção do grupo de carnes, apresentaram consumo inferior às recomendações, em ambas as fases. A intensidade do sintoma "desejos alimentares" foi leve durante o ciclo menstrual, não sendo observada diferença significativa entre as fases. O sintoma "desejos alimentares" associou--se positivamente com o aumento da ingestão do grupo complementar na fase lútea.

No abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between food consumption of 99 pregnant women aged 16-44 years who gave birth at a maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro and newborn birth weight. Maternal consumption of unprocessed or minimally processed and ultra-processed foods was evaluated through the Food Consumption Markers Form. For ultra-processed foods, most pregnant women regularly consumed sweets (73.7%), soft drinks (71.7%), sausages (65.7%), salted crackers (63.6%) and fried foods (55.6%). Among unprocessed or minimally processed foods, most pregnant women consumed beans (85.9%) and milk or yogurt (60.6%), while less than half consumed fruits (44.4%), raw vegetables (28.3%) and cooked vegetables (27.3%) regularly. Among newborns, 13.5% presented low birth weight. There was a significant relationship between consumption of sausages (p= 0.02) and sweets (p= 0.04) by pregnant women and low birth weight of newborns. Maternal consumption of sausages increased the odds of newborn low birth weight (OR 1.46, 95% CI 1.02-2.10).

We hypothesize that membrane stability of elite swimmers adapted to chronic intense training is dependent on polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and tocopherols in blood pools and that the composition of PUFA in plasma nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) might be associated with specific subcutaneous fat sites. Our aims were to investigate in male elite swimmers the associations of n-6 and n-3 PUFA and alpha- and gamma-tocopherols with proxies of membrane stability (phase angle and erythrocyte osmotic fragility) and of PUFA in plasma NEFA with specific skinfolds. Brazilian male elite swimmers (n = 20) under regular training for an average of 4.1 h/d and 6.1 d/wk took part in the study. Blood samples were obtained once after 18-hour rest and an overnight fast. Fatty acids were determined in plasma NEFA and erythrocytes by gas chromatolography and tocopherols were determined in plasma and erythrocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography. The status of PUFA was assessed as mean melting point, PUFA index [(Sigman-6 + Sigman-3) / (Sigman-7 + Sigman-9)] and docosahexaenoic acid indices (22:5n-6/22:4n-6 and 22:6n-3/22:5n-6 ratios) calculated from erythrocyte fatty acids. Phase angle was associated with an index of docosahexaenoic acid inadequacy (22:5n-6/22:4n-6; r = -0.53, P = .019) and with 22:5n-3 in erythrocytes (r = 0.51, P = .024), and erythrocyte osmotic fragility was associated with plasma alpha-tocopherol (r = -0.51, P = .05), which is a biomarker of vitamin E status. Plasma NEFAs 18:3n-3 and 20:4n-6 were positively associated with skinfolds of the trunk and arms (r = 0.49-0.59, P = .011-.043). The data presented indicate that n-3 PUFA and vitamin E states possibly improve membrane stability in elite swimmers and that the extent of specific anatomic sites of subcutaneous adipose tissue in the upper body might contribute to the composition of NEFA in the resting state.

This work evaluated the effect of grape juice, red wine and resveratrol in liver parameters of rats submitted to high-fat diet. Experimental model was conducted with groups of adult females Rattus norvegicus: control (CG); high-fat (HG); grape juice (JG); red wine (RW) and resveratrol solution (RG). The high-fat diet signifi cantly altered hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in all treated groups. HG group presented severe steatosis followed hepatocyte ballooning and tissue damages. JG group minimized hepatic histological lesion caused by high-fat diet and WG group also induced steatosis and infl ammation in hepatocytes, similar to HG. Still, resveratrol protected the tissue against fatty liver disease by reducing fat infi ltration and infl ammation, indicating possible therapeutic effects on the liver. Cell cycle analysis showed that HG promoted damage to the tissue, reducing the viable cell content and increasing apoptosis, even when associated with wine consumption or isolated resveratrol. However, JG protected the liver against cell damage generated by the diet. Consumption of grape juice, even associated with a high-fat diet, represents a promising protection of the liver against cellular damage, but red wine further affects the tissue, and resveratrol alone was able to reduce damage but did not minimize cellular damage to the liver.

Although trans fatty acids are known to influence essential fatty acid (EFA) metabolism and serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins, little is known about their effects on the metabolism of mammary glands (MGs) during lactation. In this study, 5 groups of lactating Wistar rats were fed semisynthetic diets containing 7% soy oil (control); 7% partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (7% PHVO); 13% PHVO +7% soy oil (13% PHVO); 5% PHVO +2% soy oil (5% PHVO), and 3.5% PHVO +3.5% soy oil (3.5% PHVO). Dams were killed on the 12th day of lactation. Weight, lipid content (LC), in vivo lipogenesis rate (LR) and activity of the lipogenic (ATP-citrate lyase and malic) enzymes were evaluated in the MGs. Maternal food intake, weight gain, and total MG weight were not found to be significantly different between the groups. The groups with 13, 7 and 5% PHVO presented a lower (p < 0.05) LR in MGs when compared to controls, whereas MG LC was higher in the 7 and 13% groups than in controls. The observed decrease in MG lipogenesis was accompanied by a diminution (p < 0.05) in the activities of ATP-citrate lyase and malic enzymes. These data indicate a potential impairment of lipid metabolism in the MG by trans isomers in lactating rats.

*A quem a correspondência deve ser enviada ResumoEste estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a composição centesimal dos camarões alimentados com dieta complementada com semente de linhaça. Foram utilizados 800 camarões pós-larvas, divididos em 2 tratamentos: 1) grupo teste à base de caseína complementada com linhaça; e 2) grupo caseína. Os valores médios de umidade (79,8 ± 0,82; 78,9 ± 1,68), cinzas (0,62 ± 0,07; 0,68 ± 0,2), carboidratos (2,63 ± 0,13; 1,58 ± 0,7) e proteínas (15,6 ± 1,02; 16,0 ± 0,58) dos grupos controle e teste, respectivamente, não apresentaram diferença significativa ao final do experimento. Entretanto, a concentração de lipídio total sofreu uma redução significativa (p < 0,05) ao longo do estudo, em ambos os grupos, sendo mais pronunciada no grupo controle (74%), estando ao final do experimento o teor de lipídio mais elevado (ρ < 0,05) no grupo teste (1,87 ± 0,03) do que no grupo controle (1,12 ± 0,021). Contudo, o teor de colesterol no grupo teste (0,115 ± 0,004) apresentou-se inferior ao do grupo controle (0,1306 ± 0,001), embora sem diferença estatística significativa. Conclui-se que a semente de linhaça na ração parece aumentar o lipídio dos camarões, sugerindo que esse aumento não implica em elevação do colesterol. Havendo, ainda, a possibilidade de ser devido à maior incorporação dos ácidos graxos poliinsaturados. Palavras-chave: camarão; macronutrientes; linhaça; colesterol. AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyze the chemical composition of shrimp fed with a diet complemented with linseed. 800 post larvae shrimp were divided into two types of treatment: 1) a test group based on casein complemented with linseed, and 2) a casein group. At the end of the experiment, the two treatments showed no significant differences in the mean values of humidity (79.8 ± 0.82; 78.9 ± 1.68), ashes (0.62 ± 0.07; 0.68 ± 0.2), carbohydrates (2.63 ± 0.13; 1.58 ± 0.7) and proteins (15.6 ± 1.02; 16.0 ± 0.58). However, the concentration of total lipids in both groups declined significantly during this study. This decline was more marked in the control group (74%). At the end of the experiment, the lipid content was higher (p < 0.05) in the test group (1.87 ± 0.03) than in the control group (1.12 ± 0.021). However, the cholesterol content in the test group (0.115 ± 0.004) was lower than in the control group (0.1306 ± 0.001), albeit without a statistically significant difference. It was concluded that the addition of linseed to the food seems to increase the shrimps' lipids, which suggests that this increase does not imply heightened cholesterol levels. It is also possible that the increase in lipids is due to the incorporation of a large proportion polyunsaturated fatty acids.