Chromolaena odorata is commonly known as Siam weed which belongs to sunflower family Asteraceae. C. odorata is an important medicinal plant which can be easily found in tropical Asia, West Africa, and parts of Australia. It is native to the America, and found in Florida and Texas in the United States, throughout Mexico and the Caribbean to South America. The medicinal usage of C. odorata has been reported in the traditional systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. It has wide variety of ethanomedicinal and pharmacological properties. The young leaves are crushed, and the resulting liquid can be used to treat skin wounds. The leaves extract is used by the kani tribals of Kouthalai in Tirunelveli hills to cure skin diseases, poison bites, wounds, and rheumatism. Following various folk claims for the ailment of various diseases, efforts have been made by the researchers to verify the efficacy of this weed through scientific biological screenings. A study of the literature revealed some notable pharmacological activities of the shrub such as anthelmintic, antimalarial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antispasmodic, antioxidant, antigonorrheal, antimycobacterial, insecticidal, fungicidal, wound healing, diuretic, blood coagulation, and antibacterial. The current review is created with an intent to focus on the numerous ethnobotanical and traditional uses as well as the phytochemical and pharmacological reports on C. odorata.

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Curcuma is a genus of about 100 accepted species in the family Zingiberaceae that contains such species as turmeric and Siam tulip. They are native to Southeast Asia, southern China, ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 naturalized in other warm parts of the world such as Tropical Africa, Central America, Florida, and various islands of the Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans. Few known species of Curcuma with reported pharmacological activity are Curcuma longa, Curcuma aeruginosa, Curcuma pseudomontana, Curcuma aromatica, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma zedoaria, Curcuma angustifolia. Among them, C. longa is the one species extensively studied and has ancient traditional medicinal uses. These Curcuma species have been used in traditional medicine as a household remedy for various diseases, including biliary disorders, anorexia, cough, diabetic wounds, hepatic disorders, rheumatism, and sinusitis. For the past few decades, extensive work has been done to establish the biological activities and pharmacological actions of Curcuma species and its extracts. This review article is created with an intention to give an overview on the reported research carried out on the Curcuma species such as anticancer activity, antitumor, antitubercular, antibacterial, antimicrobial, toxicity activity, and wound healing. And also, these Curcuma species can be considered as herbal medicinal plant having a plethora of research opportunities based on its traditional use and biological activity.

Objective: The present study was intended to evaluate the in vivo immunomodulatory activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of dried fruits of Capparis moonii Wight. Methods: The effect of both the extracts was evaluated by carbon clearance assay in mice, and they showed a significant increase in the phagocytic index at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg dose. The effect of the extracts on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and antibody titer assay was evaluated in ovalbumin immunized mice. Results: Both extracts showed a significant effect on DTH response and stimulation of antibody titer at 200 mg/kg dose. The effects of the extracts in cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression mice were also statistically significant. Conclusion: The studies demonstrated specific and non-specific immunostimulating properties of both the ethanol and aqueous extract of C. moonii fruits in various in vivo experimental methods suggesting its therapeutic usefulness in immunocompromised conditions.

Alstonia scholaris, commonly known as devil's tree, is an important medicinal plant in the various folk and traditional systems of medicine in Asia, Australia, and Africa. The plant is used in Ayurvedic, Unani, and Siddha types of alternative medicinal systems. The decoction, mostly prepared from the bark, is used to treat a variety of diseases, of which the most important is malaria. In Ayurveda, it is used as a bitter and as an astringent herb for treating skin disorders, malarial fever, urticaria, chronic dysentery, diarrhea, and in snake bite. A. scholaris is also observed to possess antioxidant, immunomodulatory effects, and free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, anticancer, analgesic, hepatoprotective, wound healing, antidiarrheal, and antiplasmodial activities. The current review summarizes the numerous ethnobotanical and traditional uses as well as the phytochemical and pharmacological report on A. scholaris.

Histamine is referred to as common allergic reactions and symptoms. Most of them are compared to histamine intolerance. Some common responses involved with this intolerance may vary but include headaches or migraines, nasal congestion or sinus problems, fatigue, hives, digestive problems, irregular menstrual cycle, nausea, and vomiting. Histamine is derived from a natural amino acid, S-histidine, through the histidine decarboxylase/ aromatic decarboxylase catalysis. Histamine is the compound that the mast cell generates for the immune response. Histamine promotes gastrointestinal secretion and induces capillary dilation, bronchial smooth muscle constriction, and reduced blood pressure. Antihistamines are medicinal products to treat allergic rhinitis and allergies. This includes the in vitro animal model and in-vivo tissue preparation antihistaminic activity. Animal models are significant instruments for understanding the pathological process of human illnesses in experimental medical science. Medicines associated with antihistamine include antiallergy, antivertigo, antimigraine, sedatives, antiemetic, etc. Elderly people are much more likely than youthful people to develop sleepiness from the use of antihistamines. The most common drugs used are cetirizine, levocetirizine, chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine, loratadine, cimetidine, and fexofenadine. Animal models include histamine-induced bronchoconstriction, passive paw anaphylaxis, milk-induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia, clonidine, and haloperidol-induced catalepsy. While tissue models include isolated goat, and guinea-pig trachea chain preparation, as well as an isolated guinea pig, rat, mice ileum tissue preparation, and the dose-response curve of histamine, were plotted. The focus of the study had been on herbal plants and medicinal products, as they can effectively boost a variety of circumstances without significant adverse side effects. We can assess antihistaminic activity by using plant extracts or any synthetic drug.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro immunomodulatory activity of aqueous and ethanolic extract of dried tubers of Eulophia nuda.Methods: Effect of both the extracts was evaluated at various concentrations (832–6.5 μg/ml) for secretion of mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), superoxide, lysosomal enzyme, and myeloperoxidase activity of isolated murine peritoneal macrophages.Results: The extracts showed stimulation of NO, statistically significant at 832 μg/ml (SI 1.739) for ENA and at 832 μg/ml (stimulation index [SI] 1.662) for ENE; significant stimulation on lysosomal enzyme release for ENA at 832 μg/ml (SI 1.404) and ENE at 832 μg/ml (SI 1.513); myeloperoxidase activity was statistically significant for ENA at 832 μg/ml (SI 1.728) and ENE at 832 μg/ml (SI 1.770).Conclusion: In vitro phagocytic index showed significant results and thus proving the need for confirmation through in vivo studies.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vivo immunomodulatory activity of an aqueous and ethanolic extract of dried tubers of Eulophia nuda (ENA and ENE).Methods: Effect of both the extracts was evaluated on delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response, serum antibody response, and cyclophosphamideinduced myelosuppression in Swiss albino mice. Results:The extracts showed stimulation of DTH reaction in mice in response to T-cell dependent antigen by both ENE () and ENA (); significant increase in serum antibody titer at of ENA (768.01) and ENE (768.33) extract at 200 mg/kg, compared to control group (213.33); Combined treatment of ENA+Cytochromes P450 [CYP]-25 mg/kg and ENE+CYP-25mg/kg (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) doses of ENA and ENE each with 25 mg/kg resulted in restoration of bone marrow activity as compared with CYP treatment alone. Conclusion:Both specific and non-specific immunostimulating properties of the ENE and ENA tubers in in vivo experimental methods suggest its therapeutic usefulness in immunocompromised conditions.