Nursery trees of stone fruits (Prunus spp.) are traditionally produced by union of two distinct genotypes - the rootstock and the scion - which, by grafting, form a composite plant that will be maintained throughout of all plant life. In Brazil, the rootstocks are predominantly seed propagated and therefore usually results in heterogeneous trees for vigor and edaphic adaptation. However, with advances in rootstock breeding programs that released cultivars and certification in several countries (notably in Europe), the system will come gradually evolving for vegetative propagation (cuttings and tissue culture) and use of seeds of selected rootstocks with specific characteristics and potted nursery trees production. For scion cultivar propagation, the budding system (with its many variations) has predominantly been adopted in major producing countries. This review had as objective to comment main propagation methods adopted for rootstocks and scion in peach, nectarine and plum, and recent technical progress obtained as well as the needs of improvement for nursery tree production.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do genótipo e da aplicação de ácido indol butírico (AIB) no enraizamento de estacas semilenhosas de portaenxertos de pessegueiro. O trabalho dividiu-se em Experimento 1, onde avaliou-se as cultivares Capdeboscq e Nemaguard com quatro concentrações de AIB (0; 1.000; 2.000 e 3.000 mg L -1 ), onde obteve-se uma resposta quadrática com aproximadamente 50% de enraizamento no valor estimado de 2.500 mg L -1 de AIB, e um efeito linear crescente para o número de raízes com o aumento das concentrações de AIB, sendo 'Nemaguard' mais responsiva do que 'Capdeboscq'. No Experimento 2 avaliou-se 'Flordaguard', 'Hansen 2168', 'Kutoh' e 'Nagano Wild' e duas concentrações de AIB (0 e 2.000 mg L -1 ), verificando-se que o AIB possibilitou obter maiores taxas de enraizamento, número de raízes e comprimento de raízes nas quatro cultivares, em relação ao controle. 'Hansen 2168' apresentou a maior porcentagem de enraizamento (72,5%). 'Floradaguard' e 'Hansen 2168' apresentaram maior número de raízes por estaca (9,9 e 8,5, respectivamente), e 'Nagano Wild' apresentou o menor número e comprimento de raízes por estacas (4,8 e 3,3cm, respectivamente). Concluiu-se existir interação sinérgica entre os fatores avaliados, porém o uso de AIB é indispensável para obter satisfatórias porcentagens de enraizamento. Palavras-chave: Prunus persica, propagação vegetativa, estaquia, auxina, raízes adventícias. ABSTRACT:The aim of this work was to study the effects of genotype and the indolbutyric acid (IBA) on the rooting of semi hardwood cuttings of peach rootstocks. This work was divided into Experiment 1, in which the 'Capdeboscq' and 'Nemaguard' cultivars was treated with four IBA concentrations (0; 1,000; 2,000 and 3,000 mg L -1 ), and a quadratic behavior was observed with near 50% of rooting in the estimated concentration of 2,500 mg L -1 IBA, and a linear increase in the roots numbers occurred with increasing in IBA concentration, where 'Nemaguard' was more responsive than 'Capdeboscq'. In the Experiment 2, the 'Flordaguard', 'Hansen 2168', 'Kutoh', and 'Nagano Wild' were treated with two IBA concentrations (0 and 2,000 mg L -1 ) and the IBA treatment allowed to obtain higher rates of rooting, number of roots and root length in the four cultivars comparing to the control. 'Hansen 2168' showed the highest rooting percentage (72.5%). 'Floradaguard' and 'Hansen 2168' showed higher number of roots per cutting (9.9 and 8.5, respectively), and 'Nagano Wild' had the lowest number and length of roots per cutting (4.8 and 3.3 cm, respectively). It was concluded that exists synergistic interaction between the factors evaluated, but the IBA usage is essential for satisfactory rooting rates.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of nutrient uptake, accumulation, distribution and use, and its relationship with growth variables, chlorophyll content, and root and shoot dry-weight partitioning in the ‘Okinawa Roxo’ peach rootstock, submitted to different nutrient solutions and substrates. The experimental design was completely randomised, with four treatments and five replications. The treatments were T1: Ns1 = Souza et al. nutrient solution (2011), applied to a sand substrate; T2: Ns2 = Hoagland and Arnon (1950), applied to a sand substrate; T3: Commercial Substrate + H2O; and T4: Control, Sand + H2O. Ninety days after transplanting (DAT), morphological, physiological and nutritional parameters were determined in the ‘Okinawa Roxo’ rootstock, together with the correlation between nitrogen concentration and nitrogen balance index, and the chlorophyll content and index. The greatest zinc content was detected in the shoots of the ‘Okinawa Roxo’ plants, at more than 80% of the accumulated total. Treatments T1 and T2 (nutrient solutions Ns1 and Ns2 respectively) made it possible to obtain ‘Okinawa Roxo’ plants with the best morphophysiological characteristics, being ready for grafting three months after transplanting in a greenhouse. The use of the Ns1 nutrient solution resulted in greater efficiency in the uptake and use of the nutrients nitrogen (N), potassium (K) and iron (Fe). The N and Total Chlorophyll concentrations in the leaves of the red-leaved peach tree can be estimated indirectly with a chlorophyll meter, and are an accurate indication of the nutritional status of the plant in relation to nitrogen content.

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RESUMONo Brasil, a comercialização de mudas de pessegueiro (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch), em sua grande maioria, é feita através de raiz nua. Entretanto, uma alternativa tecnológica para o plantio em diferentes épocas é a produção de mudas em embalagens. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes substratos no desenvolvimento de porta-enxertos de pessegueiro e da cultivar Maciel produzidas em embalagens. ABSTRACTIn Brazil, most of the nursery peach trees marketed sold to the fruit growers has been as bare-root plants during their dormancy during the winter. However, potted nursery trees may be a high potential choice for different planting time during the year. This research aimed to assess the influence of different substrates on development of peach rootstocks and cultivar 'Maciel' raised in package. The tested substrates were equal volume combinations: Plantmax HT + húmus substrate (7,6 mm). Regarding to canopy volume and plant height at the end of the growth season, there was no influence of the substrates.

<p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-germination treatments (magneto-priming and immersion of seeds in gibberellic acid solution) on variables associated with germination, emergence and vigor of Passiflora edulis seeds ‘BRS Gigante Amarelo’ cultivar. Seeds were extracted from fruits, washed, immersed for 6 hours in solutions with different GA3 concentrations and later arranged in a circular form in Petri dishes at temperature of 25°C, with and without exposure to magnetic field. Subsequently, analyses associated with the germination and emergency test were carried out. The experimental design was completely randomized design, with 3x2 factorial, three GA3 concentrations (0, 50 and 100 mg L-1) and presence/absence of magnetic field (MF), with four replicates of 20 seeds each. Variables germination percentage, germination speed index, mean germination time, percentage of emerged seedlings, emergence speed index, shoot length and root length and seedling dry weight were evaluated. Results indicate that the exposure of passion fruit seeds to MF in an isolated way stimulates seed germination, emergence and vigor, being an alternative to conventional treatments based on chemical substances.</p>

RESUMO -Marcadores moleculares têm sido amplamente utilizados nas mais variadas espécies frutíferas para análise de "fingerprinting", para o processo de certificação de material vegetal e como ferramenta auxiliar em programas de melhoramento genético, para acessar a variabilidade genética entre genótipos. Dado a importância da cultura da ameixeira para a região Sul do Brasil, o presente trabalho teve por finalidade contribuir para a caracterização genético-molecular de 17 cultivares. As cultivares foram analisadas com 12 marcadores RAPD, que produziram 187 polimorfismos. O marcador OP A20 foi o mais polimórfico, produzindo 26 perfis diferentes. A análise de agrupamento, realizada com o método UPGMA, produziu um dendrograma que permitiu uma clara separação das cultivares em três grupos, correspondentes às suas respectivas espécies, Prunus salicina, Prunus domestica e Prunus cerasifera. O alto grau de polimorfismo detectado pelos marcadores RAPD confirma o potencial da técnica na análise de "fingerprinting" e sua utilidade na estimativa da variabilidade genética entre cultivares de ameixeira. Termos para indexação: Prunus spp., marcadores moleculares, "fingerprinting".ABSTRACT -Molecular markers have been used thoroughly in many fruit crops species for fingerprinting analysis during the vegetal material certification process, and as an auxiliary tool in breeding programs to access genetic variability among genotypes. The plum is an important crop in Southern Brazil. The present paper aims to contribute for the genetic-molecular characterization of 17 plum cultivars, which were analyzed with 12 RAPD markers that produced 187 polymorphisms. The OP A20 marker was the most polymorphic, producing 26 different profiles. The cluster analysis was represented by a dendrogram using the UPGMA method, and showed a clear cultivar separation in to three groups corresponding to the species, Prunus salicina, Prunus domestica and Prunus cerasifera, respectively. A high degree of polymorphism was detected by the RAPD markers in the plum. This confirms the potential of the techanique of fingerprinting analysis and its usefulness in the estimate of the genetic variability among plum cultivars.

RESUMOObjetivou-se estudar a composição de diferentes meios de cultura, concentrações de BAP e tipos de explante, na multiplicação in vitro do porta-enxerto 'GxN-9', como também a influência desses fatores na ocorrência de vitrificação. Explantes basais cultivados em meio QL e WPM apresentaram as melhores respostas para porcentagem de brotação (80%). O número de brotações por explante também foi maior com explantes basais, porém apenas aqueles cultivados no meio QL (3 brotações por explante). Os meios QL e WPM permitiram obter o melhor desempenho de crescimento das brotações formadas, para ambos os tipos de explante. Contudo, explantes basais cultivados em meio QL, apresentaram 55% de vitrificação, ao passo que explantes provenientes do meio WPM, não apresentaram esta anormalidade. Concluiu-se que a redução na concentração de sais com adição de 0,5 mg dm -3 de BAP reduz a vitrificação, promovendo aumento no crescimento das brotações, sem influenciar na formação das mesmas.Palavras-chave: Produção de mudas; pessegueiro, in vitro, citocinina; vitrificação. ABSTRACTThe objective of the present work was to study the composition of different culture medium, BAP concentration and explants types on in vitro multiplication of the rootstock 'GxN-9', like the influence of this factors in the vitrification. Basal explants cultivated in QL and WPM medium had the better results regarding shooting percentage (80%). The shoot number per explants was also higher with basal explants when cultivating in QL medium (3 shoot a explant). The medium QL and WPM allowed better growth performance of formed shoots to both explants types. Nevertheless, basal explants cultivated in QL medium had 55% of vitrification, whereas explants from WPM medium did not show this abnormality. The lower level of salt concentration with 0.5 mg dm -3 BAP reduced vitrification, promoting an increase in shoot growth without affecting formation rates.