The aim of this study was to produce and characterize inclusion complexes (IC) between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and orange essential oil (OEO) or eucalyptus essential oil (EEO), and to compare these with their pure compounds and physical mixtures. The samples were evaluated by chemical composition, morphology, thermal stability, and volatile compounds by static headspace-gas chromatography (SH-GC). Comparing the free essential oil and physical mixture with the inclusion complex, of both essential oils (OEO and EEO), it was observed differences occurred in the chemical composition, thermal stability, and morphology. These differences show that there was the formation of the inclusion complex and demonstrate the necessity of the precipitation method used to guarantee the interaction between β-CD and essential oils. The slow loss of the volatile compounds from both essential oils, when complexed with β-CD, showed a higher stability when compared with their physical mixtures and free essential oils. Therefore, the results showed that the chemical composition, molecular size, and structure of the essential oils influence the characteristics of the inclusion complexes. The application of the β-CD in the formation of inclusion complexes with essential oils can expand the potential applications in foods.
RESUMO -Realizou-se, sob condições de casa de vegetação, um experimento para avaliar o efeito de fontes e de doses de nitrogênio (N) na formação de porta-enxertos de limoeiro 'Cravo' em tubetes. Os tratamentos, combinações de duas fontes (nitrato de cálcio e uréia) e quatro doses de N (0,15; 0,30; 0,45; e 0,60 g L -1 ) e uma testemunha sem a adição de fertilizante nitrogenado, foram dispostos em delineamento blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições. O fornecimento de N (10 mL de solução por tubete) foi iniciado 56 dias após a germinação, sendo repetido semanalmente, por 15 semanas. Observou-se, apenas, efeito de doses de N sobre a altura, diâmetro do caule e produção de matéria seca da parte aérea das mudas. Os efeitos das variações na dose de N sobre essas variáveis foram ajustados a modelos quadráticos de regressão, com valor máximo correspondente à dose média de 0,37 g L -1 de N, a partir da qual o crescimento das mudas foi reduzido. Para as raízes, a produção de matéria seca apresentou comportamento distinto também entre fontes de N, sendo que, para a uréia, a massa de raízes aumentou linearmente com a dose de N e, para o nitrato de cálcio, o efeito foi descrito por modelo quadrático, com valor máximo obtido para a dose de 0,35 g L -1 de N. As acumulações de N, P, K, Ca e Mg na parte aérea das mudas de limoeiro 'Cravo' acompanharam as variações na produção de matéria seca, sendo descritas por modelos quadráticos, segundo os quais a absorção de nutrientes foi limitada pela aplicação das doses mais altas de nitrogênio. Termos para indexação: propagação de citros, ambiente protegido, nitrogênio, Citrus limonia. NITROGEN FERTILIZATION ON RANGPUR LIME ROOTSTOCK PRODUCED IN DIBBLE TUBESABSTRACT -A greenhouse experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen sources and rates on growth of rangpur lime seedlings in dibble tubes. The treatments comprised the combinations of two sources (calcium nitrate and urea) and four rates of nitrogen (0.15; 0.30; 0.45; and 0.60 g L -1 ), and an additional control treatment without N fertilization. The treatments were disposed according to a randomized complete block design as a 2 x 4 + 1 factorial arrangement with four replications. Nitrogen fertilizers (10 mL per dibble tube) were applied weekly during 15 weeks, starting at 56 days after seed germination. The data revealed effects of N rates on plant height, stem diameter and shoot dry matter yield. The effects of the N rates on these parameters were adjusted to quadratic regression models with maximum values corresponding to the rate of 0.37 g N L -1 . The growth was reduced at rates higher than 0.37 g N L -1 of either calcium nitrate or urea. The effects of calcium nitrate and urea were different on root dry matter yield. For urea, root dry matter increased with the N rate, but for calcium nitrate the effect was described by a quadratic model, with maximum value corresponding to the rate of 0.35 g N L -1 . Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium accumulation in the shoot...
RESUMO Realizou-se um estudo para avaliar o efeito de fontes de luz na micropropagação de morangueiro, com níveis crescentes de BAP no meio de cultivo. Para tanto, inocularamse gemas de brotações da cultivar 'Sabrosa' em meio MS com BAP (0; 0,3; 0,6; 0,9; e 1,
RESUMO: A utilização de bandejas de isopor na produção de mudas de hortaliças e frutíferas vem aumentando em nosso pais, devido às vantagens que esse método apresenta: economia de substrato e de área de viveiro, menor custo no controle de pragas e doenças, produção de mudas de alta qualidade e alto índice de pegamento após o transplante. No caso do maracujazeiro (Passiflora edulis var. flavicarpa), o transplante de mudas é uma prática bastante utilizada para sua propagação. A ocorrência de traumatismos na raiz durante esta fase é significativa, influindo negativamente no desenvolvimento posterior das mudas. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a produção de mudas de maracujá em bandejas de isopor, comparando a eficiência de quatro substratos diferentes e dois tipos de bandejas na germinação e desenvolvimento das mudas. Conclui-se que o método de produção de mudas de maracujazeiro em bandejas é eficiente, resultando em mudas de alta qualidade, com elevada porcentagem de pegamento. Verificou-se também que na bandeja de 72 células e nos substratos Plantmax e substrato III (areia: vermiculita: estéreo; 1:1:1, suplementado com 10 Kg/m 3 de superfosfato simples, 6 Kg/m 3 de cloreto de potássio, 2 Kg/m 3 de uréia e 8 Kg/m 3 de calcário houve maior porcentagem de germinação e adequado desenvolvimento das mudas. Descritores: maracujá, Passiflora edulis var.flavicarpa, propagação.SUMMARY: This paper describes the use of two types of styrofoam trays and four different substrates. The efficiency of different substrates and tray types in passionflora (Passiflora edulis var.flavicarpa) seed germination and seedling growth were analysed. The results indicated that both tray types tested are adequate for passionflora germination and seedling growth. Nevertheless the 72 cell tray type had a statistically better performance than the 128 ceU tray type. Substrate III (sand; vermiculite; dung; 1:1:1, supplemented with 10 Kg/m 3 simple superphosphate, 6 Kg/m 3 potassium chloride, 2 Kg/m 3 urea and 8 Kg/m 3 Ume) and substrate Plantmax were used in the cells. Both substrates had a superior performance in relation to substrates number I and II.
Production of strawberry fruits depending on vernalization periods of the transplantsThe yield of strawberry fruits cv. Camarosa was evaluated as affected by different vernalization periods of the transplant, in comparison with imported ones. The experiment was carried out in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, using a tunnel as production system. The plants were transplanted on May18, 2006, using transplants produced in the south of Rio Grande do Sul, which were vernalized during 0; 7; 14; 21 and 28 days (4±1 o C, 94±2% RH), and transplants without vernalization coming from Chile. The treatments were disposed according to a randomized complete block design with four replications. The experimental unit were composed of 21 plants. The yield, number of fruits per plant and average fruit mass were analyzed during 20 weeks (August to December). The Chilean transplants provided greater production and number of fruits than transplants produced in Rio Grande do Sul (1,038.3 and 491.7 g plant -1 ; 55.1 and 34.3 fruits plant -1 , respectively). The vernalization of the national transplants during approximately 24 days optimized the yield and number of fruits significantly (1,023.1 g plant -1 ; 55.6 fruits plant -1 ). Transplants produced in Rio Grande do Sul presented higher production in November and December, while Chilean ones in October and November.
, VALDENICE MOREIRA NOVELLI 3 e MARCOS ANTONIO MACHADO 4 RESUMO -Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a freqüência de híbridos de cruzamento entre tangerina 'Cravo' (Citrus reticulata Blanco) e laranja 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), o uso de marcadores morfológicos e moleculares (RAPD) na identificação precoce de plantas zigóticas, e a variabilidade dos híbridos. A porcentagem de híbridos foi maior na população germinada em placas de Petri (19,4%). Verificou-se que quanto maior a competição entre os "seedlings" por espaço e nutrientes, menor a freqüência de plantas híbridas. A identificação dos híbridos não foi possível apenas com o uso de marcadores morfológicos. A análise morfológica dos híbridos revelou elevada variabilidade. HYBRID FREQUENCY BETWEEN TANGERINE 'CRAVO'AND ORANGE 'PÊRA' CROSSING: ANALYSIS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND RAPD MARKERSABSTRACT -The objectives of this work were to evaluate the hybrid frequency from the cross between tangerine 'Cravo' (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and sweet orange 'Pêra' (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), the use of morphological and RAPD markers for early identification of zygotic plants between parents with similar phenotype, and the morphological variability among the hybrids. Plants germinated on Petri dishes showed the higher hybrid percentage (19.4%). Hybrid plant frequency was inversely proportional to the competition level for space and nutrients among the hybrids. Accurate hybrid identification is not possible using morphological markers alone. The hybrids selected showed high morphological variability.
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