No abstract

Botryosphaeria dothidea is the major pathogen of mango in Brazil, causing stem‐end rot, which causes significant losses during transportation and storage. The current strategy to control this particular disease using synthetic fungicides has been ineffective, leaving residues in the fruit. The objective of the research was to study the effect of physical treatments, with hot water rinse brushing (HWRB) and ultraviolet C irradiation (UV‐C), individually and in combination, to control stem‐end rot of mango. Physicochemical parameters, respiration and resistance induction of the fruit were also analysed. The in vitro trials demonstrated that B. dothidea is a thermoresistant fungus. The individual treatments with HWRB at 65°C for 15 s and 2.5 kJ/m2 of UV‐C presented the best results, showing less symptoms of the disease during 18 days of storage. The combination of HWRB with UV‐C did not improve the control of the disease when compared to the treatments applied individually. The physicochemical parameters and the consumer acceptance evaluation showed that both physical treatments preserved the appearance of the fruit and delayed the ripening–senescence process. The induction of defence‐related enzymes revealed that induced resistance was an important mechanism involved in the control of stem‐end rot of mango.

A desidratação osmótica pela qual passa a produção de fruta, é uma alternativa para o aproveitamento dos excedentes da persicultura. Neste trabalho se avaliou a influência da temperatura e da concentração do xarope de sacarose na desidratação osmótica de pêssegos, e se investigaram variações de propriedades físicas, químicas e dos parâmetros da desidratação osmótica (perda de massa e de água; incorporação de sólidos). O delineamento central composto rotacional foi utilizado variando-se a temperatura (30 a 50 ºC) e a concentração (45 a 65 °Brix) da solução osmótica e se fixando a razão mássica xarope:fruta 4:1, tempo de processo 4 h, e formato dos pedaços (metades). Na análise sensorial empregou-se o método de aceitação avaliando-se os atributos aparência, sabor, textura, cor e qualidade geral. Modelaram-se os resultados com o programa Statistica (v 6.0), através da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta. Os seguintes modelos matemáticos resultaram significativos (p < 0,05) e preditivos: adimensionais dos teores de sólidos solúveis e do parâmetro L* de cor, parâmetros perda de água e perda de massa. A temperatura é o efeito preponderante. As condições de processo de 50 a 54,1 ° C e 55 a 65 °Brix, proporcionaram maiores perdas de água e melhores desempenhos sensoriais.

RESUMOPara a uva 'Niagara Rosada' as perdas pós-colheita devido à degrana e problemas fitossanitários são fatores de grande relevância. A podridão-da-uva-madura, causada pelo fungo C. gloeosporioides, proporciona perdas significativas às frutas colhidas em época quente e úmida. Atualmente, observa-se busca crescente por técnicas alternativas de controle de podridões, bem como para a manutenção da qualidade pós-colheita de frutos, como os tratamentos físicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da radiação UV-C no controle de C. gloeosporioides em uvas 'Niagara Rosada', mantidas sob condição ambiente e refrigeração. Para tanto, cachos de uva foram inoculados com o patógeno e, após 2 horas, tratados com UV-C nas doses de 0; 1,05; 2,09; 4,18 e 8,35 kJ m -2 , pelos tempos de 0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 minutos respectivamente. Em seguida, os cachos foram armazenados sob condições ambiente (25±1 ºC / 80±5 %UR), por sete dias e, sob refrigeração (1±1 ºC / 90±5 %UR), durante 16 dias, com transferência para condições ambiente por mais cinco dias. Os cachos foram avaliados quanto à incidência da podridão, aparência da ráquis, cor das bagas, degrana, sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável e ratio. Verificou-se que a UV-C foi eficiente na redução de C. gloeosporioides em bagas previamente inoculadas e não alterou os atributos físico-químicos dos cachos de uva. Palavras-chave:Vitis labrusca, podridões, tratamento físico, luz ultravioleta. ABSTRACT ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (UV-C) ON THE POSTHARVEST CONTROL OF COLLETOTRICHUM GLOEOSPORIOIDES IN 'NIAGARA ROSADA' GRAPESMost of the postharvest losses of 'Niagara Rosada' grapes are caused by rot and detached berries. Recently, many researches on alternative methods, such as physical treatments, have been carried out in order to control rots and extend the shelf life of fruits. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of ultraviolet radiation (UV-C) on the control of C. gloeosporioides in 'Niagara Rosada' grapes stored at room condition and under refrigeration. Clusters of 'Niagara Rosada' grapes were inoculated with the pathogen and submitted 2 hours later to different doses of UV-C, 0, 1.05, 2.09, 4.18, and 8.35 kJ m -2 , during the periods of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 min, respectively. Then, the clusters were stored under two conditions: 25±1 ºC / 80±5 % RH for 7 days, and at 1±1 ºC / 90±5 %RH for 16 days followed by storage at 25±1 ºC / 80±5 %RH for 5 more days. The grapes were evaluated for rot incidence, stem browning, color of the berries, percentage of detached berries, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, and ratio. It was observed that UV-C radiation was effective in reducing the incidence of C. gloeosporioides on inoculated 'Niagara Rosada' grapes and did not change the physicochemical characteristics of the grapes.

Estudou-se a influência de três ingredientes, açúcar impalpável (formulação padrão), cacau em pó e polpa de morango desidratado, na firmeza de balas moles produzidas com e sem goma gelana (nome genérico do polissacarídio produzido pela fermentação controlada do microrganismo Pseudomonas elodea). Na forma nativa ( high acyl), a goma gelana pode produzir géis macios e elásticos e na forma modificada ( low acyl) géis duros e quebradiços. As amostras foram produzidas com a goma gelana low acyl. Cada ingrediente foi testado em três diferentes concentrações (5, 7 e 10%) e adicionados na etapa de estiramento da massa de bala. As amostras foram avaliadas quanto ao parâmetro de firmeza (dureza) utilizando-se texturômetro e os resultados avaliados estatisticamente pelo teste ANOVA. As amostras também foram analisadas quanto ao teor de umidade pela metodologia de Karl Fisher. Para as balas produzidas sem goma gelana, o acréscimo na concentração dos ingredientes testados influenciou diretamente o aumento da firmeza. Já para as balas produzidas com a adição de goma gelana, o uso de 5% dos ingredientes resultou em maior firmeza e de 7% em menor firmeza. Concluiu-se que a adição de diferentes ingredientes em formulação base, com o objetivo de variar o sabor, possibilita a produção de balas com texturas distintas a partir da mesma linha de fabricação. INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT INGREDIENTS ON SOFT CANDIES TEXTURE PRODUCED WITH THE ADDITION OF GELLAN GUM Abstract The influence of three ingredients were studied, sugar powder, cocoa powder and strawberry dried pulp in the hardness of soft candies produced with and without the addition of gellan gum (generic name for the polysaccharide obtained by the controlled fermentation of the microorganism Pseudomonas elodea). At its native form (high acyl) the gellan gum can produce soft and elastic gels and at its modified form (low acyl) hard and fragile gels. The samples were produced using the low acyl gellan gum. Three different concentrations from each ingredient were tested (5, 7 and 10%) and they were added at the pulling time in the process. The hardness of the samples was measured in a texture analyzer and the results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA test. The samples had their humidity verified by the Karl Fischer methodology. For the candies produced without gellan gum, their hardness increased proportionally to the percentage of the added ingredients. For the candies produced with gellan gum, the addition of all the tested ingredients at 5% concentration resulted to the highest hardness while the 7% concentration showed the lowest hardness. It was concluded that the addition of different ingredients to the basic formulation, with the objective of varying flavor, possibilitates the production of candies with distinct textures from the same fabrication line.

The application of technologies to extend the postharvest life of mangosteen fruit was studied and compared to storage at 25 °C/70-75%R.H (25 °C control treatment). The fruits were packed in expanded polystyrene (EPS) trays (5 fruits/tray). Five treatments were carried out at 13 °C/ 90-95% RH: application of carnauba wax coating, lecithin + CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) coating, 50 µm LDPE (low density polyethylene) film coating, 13 µm PVC (Polyvinyl chloride), and non-coated sample (13 °C control treatment). Physicochemical analyses were performed twice a week. A statistical design was completely randomized with 8 repetitions for each treatment plus the control treatment. The results were submitted to variance analysis, and the averages compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. Among the quality parameters analyzed, more significant differences were observed for weight loss, texture, and peel moisture content. The results showed that the maximum storage period for mangosteen at 25 °C is two weeks; while storage at13 °C can guarantee the conservation of this fruit for 25 days. Therefore, the treatment at 13 °C/90-95% RH without the use of coatings and films was more effective and economical.

The performance o f a retortable semi-rigid aluminium container, o f square shape, net capacity 330ml and w i t h a heat sealable lid, produced in Germany by Alcan, was studied relative t o parameters o f filling, thermal processing and heat sealing. Tests were applied t o packages containing water (275 and 295g) and a solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) at 1.25% (295 and 306g). The thermal processing was applied under stationary and rotary (at 8, 10 and 12 r.p.m.) conditions. Heat sealing was evaluated by visual aspect, integrity, burst resistance, tensile strength and thickness reduction. The influence o f contamination (presence of water, water vapour, CMC and vegetable fat) on the heat sealing area was also examined.Rotary thermal processing has been proved more advantageous in comparison w i t h a stationary process, mainly for a high viscosity model medium (CMC solution at 10000 CP a t 25°C). as it reduces the sterilization time t o about 50%. The headspace volume measured by the destructive method indicated small variations, significant a t the level o f 5%, when pre-and post-thermal processing values were compared. This is due t o the presence of entrapped air in the test product, which is released during thermal processing. The seal resistance measured by the increase in internal pressure (burst) resistance showed average values o f 26-29 p.s.i. obtained for packages containing water or CMC examined preand post-stationary and rotary (8 r.p.m.) thermal processing. Such average values guarantee the container good performance. A t the 5% level, there was no significant difference i n burst resistance for the container processed with or without rotation, containing either water or CMC, a t any of the filling levels analysed. Contamination of the heat sealing area, evaluated through the burst resistance, indicated the non-existence o f any significant difference at the level of 5% and the minimum value of 25p.s.i. can be said t o be satisfactory for all the treatments studied. For the t w o test products, at S. A. ORTlZ €7 AL. the filling levels studied, the compression resistance measured before heattreatment showed average maximum load values ranging from 84.5 to 87.8kgf (deflection varying from 4.7 to 5.0mm). After both stationary and rotary (8r.p.m.) thermal processing, the minimum crushing yield load value was around 83.5 kgf. Such values are acceptable for this kind of package.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade do molho de tomate em diferentes embalagens de consumo (vidro, metálica e cartonada), após simulação de transporte e estocagem a 23 e 35oC, por um período 240 dias ao abrigo da luz. O parâmetro de cor avaliado separadamente não influenciou significativamente a perda de qualidade dos produtos a 23oC, mas teve influência significativa à 35oC. O molho de tomate acondicionado na embalagem cartonada apresentou maior perda de cor em relação às demais, devido às características intrínsecas deste tipo de embalagem, sobretudo sua maior permeabilidade ao oxigênio, provocando um maior escurecimento e a conseqüente redução na vida útil do produto. Considerando-se este aspecto, a taxa de deterioração da cor na embalagem cartonada, comparativamente às demais foi, em termos médios, cerca de 1,7 e 1,9 vezes superior às embalagens metálicas e de vidro, nas temperaturas de 23 e 35oC, respectivamente. O parâmetro sensorial mais crítico e utilizado como indicativo da vida útil foi a perda de qualidade (PQ), uma vez que englobou as alterações de cor e sabor do produto. O molho acondicionado na embalagem cartonada apresentou valores de PQ entre 3,5 e 4,1 vezes superior aos valores obtidos para o produto nas embalagens de vidro e metálica à 23oC, respectivamente. Na temperatura de 35oC, as taxas foram 2,1 e 1,6 vezes superiores, respectivamente. De forma geral, as embalagens de vidro e metálicas apresentaram um desempenho similar entre si, com melhores características de proteção ao produto, devido à barreira oferecida quanto à entrada de oxigênio.
The aim of this study was to investigate the tomato sauce stability in different types of commercial packages (glass, can and aseptic carton), after transport simulation and storage protected from light at 23 and 35oC during 240 days. Color characteristics apart-evaluated not influenced the product loss quality at 23oC, but has significant influence at 35oC. The rate color loss of tomato sauce in aseptic carton package showed bigger color loss than glass and can packages, because the intrinsic characteristics of this package, especially the superior permeability to oxygen. This feature caused the most darkness and consequently limited shelf life of the tomato sauce. The rate color loss of tomato sauce in aseptic carton package showed values nearly 1.7 and 1.9 times superior to values obtained to the product in can and glass packages at 23 and 35oC, respectively. The most critical and sensorial characteristics used to estimate the shelf life was the quality loss (QL), because it included color and flavor changes of the product. Tomato sauce in aseptic carton showed QL values at 3.5 and 4.1 times superior to values obtained to the product packed in glass and can at 23oC, respectively. At 35oC, the rates were 2.1 and 1.6 times superior, respectively. Generally the glass and can packages exhibit the same performance, offering more protection to the tomato sauce