Nutrients are basically transported to the roots by mass flow and diffusion. The aim of this study was to quantify the contribution of these two mechanisms to the acquisition of macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S) and cationic micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu) by maize plants as well as xylem exudate volume and composition in response to soil aggregate size and water availability. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with samples of an Oxisol, from under two management systems: a region of natural savanna-like vegetation (Cerradão, CER) and continuous maize under conventional management for over 30 years (CCM). The treatments were arranged in a factorial [2 x (1 + 2) x 2] design, with two management systems (CER and CCM), (1 + 2) soil sifted through a 4 mm sieve and two aggregate classes (< 0.5 mm and 0.5 -4.0 mm) and two soil matric potentials (-40 and -10 kPa). These were evaluated in a randomized block design with four replications. The experiment was conducted for 70 days after sowing. The influence of soil aggregate size and water potential on the nutrient transport mechanisms was highest in soil samples with higher nutrient concentrations in solution, in the CER system; diffusion became more relevant when water availability was higher and in aggregates < 0.5 mm. The volume of xylem exudate collected from maize plants increased with the decrease in aggregate size and the increased availability of soil water in the CER system. The highest Ca and Mg concentrations in the xylem exudate of plants grown on samples from the CER system were related to the high concentrations of these nutrients in the soil solution of this management system. Index terms: Cerradão, continuous maize , soil water potential.(

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The evaluation of the nutritional status in eucalypt (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid.) forests through vegetal tissue analyses what reflects water and nutrient flows in the system, and represents a complementary tool to soil analysis can be helpful to raise and maintain the forest productivity at high levels. This study compared the use of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), Modified-DRIS (M-DRIS), and Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis (CND) diagnose methods in eucalypt stands in Central-Eastern Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Data of productivity and of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg leaf contents in 993 Eucalyptus grandis stands aging between 72 and 153 months, planted on six sites in 3 × 2 m spacing, were used. The nutritional status was diagnosed by the DRIS, M-DRIS, and CND methods, and validated by the chi-square (χ 2 ) test applied to the nutrients diagnosed as primary limiting by deficiency. These three methods were compared to each other based on the diagnosis concordance frequency (DCF) derived from the fertilization response potential (FRP) by the criteria considering each nutrient separately; from all (5) to none (0); and only the primary limiting nutrients by either deficiency or excess. The diagnosis concordance level among the methods was procedure-dependent, and varied according to the nutrient concentration in trees. Key words: Eucalyptus grandis, leaf analysis, leaf diagnosis, mineral nutrition DIAGNOSE NUTRICIONAL DO EUCALIPTO PELO DRIS, M-DRIS E CNDRESUMO: A avaliação do estado nutricional em florestas de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid.), mediante análises de tecido vegetal, pode ser importante para elevação e manutenção em níveis elevados da produtividade florestal, pois, reflete os fluxos de água e de nutrientes no sistema, sendo ferramenta complementar à análise de solo. O presente trabalho foi realizado aplicando-se o Sistema Integrado de Diagnose e Recomendação (DRIS), DRIS modificado (M-DRIS) e Diagnose da Composição Nutricional (CND), com o objetivo de comparar as diagnoses realizadas entre os métodos DRIS, M-DRIS e CND para o eucalipto, em localidades da região Centro-Leste de Minas Gerais. Foram utilizados dados de produtividade e dos teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg nas folhas, referentes a 993 talhões de Eucalyptus grandis com idades variando de 72 a 153 meses, plantados no espaçamento 3 × 2 m em seis localidades dessa região. A diagnose do estado nutricional foi realizada utilizando-se o DRIS, M-DRIS e CND e validada pelo teste do qui-quadrado (χ 2 ), aplicado àqueles nutrientes diagnosticados como limitantes primários por deficiência. Os métodos foram comparados, baseando-se na freqüência de diagnoses concordantes (DCF) do potencial de resposta à adubação (FRP), mediante os seguintes critérios: considerando-se os nutrientes separadamente; desde todos (5) nutrientes até nenhum (0); e apenas o limitante primário por deficiência e por excesso. O nível de concordância entre as diagnoses, fornecidas pelos métodos, variou de acordo com o procedimento adota...

Low-molecular-weight organic acids with one or more carboxylic groups are ubiquitous. In soils, they can originate from leaching of plants, litter decomposition, plant-roots exudation, and microbial activity. Their presence in the soil may favor the formation of soluble organo-metallic complexes that improve the transport of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn to plant-root surfaces via diffusion. The current study sought to determine if some of the organic acids (OA) in soils and a cover-crop residue influence the diffusive flux (DF) of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe. Two OA were added to two Oxisols (Typic Haplustox): a clayey Dark Red Latosol (DRL) and a sandy-loam Red Yellow Latosol (RYL). Acetic and citric acid were added to achieve concentrations of 0, 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mmol (m 3 soil) ±1 . The effect of adding plant material (pearl millet) on the soil DF of the cationic micronutrients was also determined. Soil diffusive flux was evaluated by incubating positively charged and negatively charged exchange-resin membranes with the soil in PVC diffusion chambers for 15 d. Desorption of Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and OA from the resins was performed with 0.5 mol l ±1 HCl. The results demonstrated that the DF of the cationic micronutrients increased with the addition of organic acid. The DF of Zn and Mn occurred mostly towards the cationic resin, whereas the diffusive flux of Cu and Fe occurred mostly towards the anionic resin. Apparently, the dissolution of oxides and/or complexation of micronutrients adsorbed to the solid phase or in the soil solution contributed to the obtained results. Citric acid was more efficient than acetic acid in maintaining a larger DF value for Zn, Cu, and Fe. The addition of millet plant material to the soil increased the DF in the following order: Mn > Cu > Fe > Zn; Mn moved towards the cationic resin, and the other micronutrients moved towards the anionic resin. These findings suggest that organic compounds play an important role in the short-distance transport of cationic micronutrients in highly weathered soils.

RESUMOCom o objetivo de caracterizar a acumulação de matéria seca pelo cafeeiro conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre), um experimento foi conduzido em Marilândia/ES, no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 24 tratamentos (época de amostragem) e três repetições. Utilizou-se a variedade clonal EMCAPA 8111, plantada em outubro de 1995. Constatouse que o cafeeiro conilon apresentou padrão sigmoidal de crescimento até os seis anos de idade, com acumulação crescente de massa de matéria seca. Houve declínio na taxa de crescimento absoluto após 48 meses de idade e diminuição na taxa de crescimento relativo após o primeiro mês de idade.Palavras-chave: Análise de crescimento, Coffea canephora, partição, taxa de crescimento absoluto, taxa de crescimento relativo. ABSTRACT Dry matter accumulation by Conilon coffeeThe objective of this study was to characterize the dry matter accumulation of Conilon (Coffea canephora Pierre) coffee plants. The experiment was conducted in Marilândia/ES, Brazil, in an orchard with the clone 02, from the clonal variety EMCAPA 8111, established in October 1995. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design, with twenty-four treatments (date of sampling) and three repetitions. It was found that up to six years of cultivation, plants of Conilon coffee show a sigmoid growth pattern, with a continuous increase in dry matter accumulation. There was a decline in the absolute growth rate after 48 months of cultivation, whereas for the relative growth rate, the reductions were observed after only one month of cultivation.

SUMMARYThe electrical charges in soil particles are divided into structural or permanent charges and variable charges. Permanent charges develop on the soil particle surface by isomorphic substitution. Variable charges arise from dissociation and association of protons (H + ), protonation or deprotonation, and specific adsorption of cations and anions. The aim of this study was to quantify the permanent charges and variable charges of Reference Soils of the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. To do so, 24 subsurface profiles from different regions (nine in the Zona da Mata, eight in the Agreste, and seven in the Sertão) were sampled, representing approximately 80 % of the total area of the state. Measurements were performed using cesium chloride solution. Determination was made of the permanent charges and the charges in regard to the hydroxyl functional groups through selective ion exchange of Cs + by Li + and Cs + by NH 4 + , respectively. All the soils analyzed exhibited variable cation exchange capacity, with proportions from 0.16 to 0.60 and an average of 0.40 when related to total cation exchange capacity.Index terms: clays, cation exchange capacity, structural charges, pH dependent charges.(

Devido à elevada variabilidade de determinadas características químicas, a amostragem de solo é uma das mais importantes fontes de erro em um programa de correção e adubação. O objetivo dessa revisão foi analisar criticamente os fundamentos teóricos que def inem os tipos de amostragem de solo utilizados para diferentes sistemas de cultivo, avaliando o grau de influência das variações de características químicas conferidas por cada situação. Confrontando informações dos trabalhos consultados, foi possível inferir que a estratif icação do terreno em unidades de amostragem diminui a ocorrência de dependência espacial causada por fatores do ambiente associados às variações de longa distância (macrodependência), mas não impede a ocorrência de dependência espacial a curtas distâncias em locais dentro do próprio estrato (mesodependência). A opção de se utilizar a análise da amostra composta por unidade de amostragem (fertilidade média) ou os mapas de fertilidade do solo, para recomendação de corretivos e fertilizantes, deve-se especialmente a questões econômicas. A coleta de amostras simples de pequeno volume e obtenção de médias locais, ou a formação de amostras compostas a partir destas “amostras simples”, tende a incrementar a efetividade e a conf iabilidade dos mapas de fertilidade.