No abstract

A B S T R A C TMembrane distillation (MD) is a non-isothermal separation process driven on the vapor pressure difference, induced by the temperature difference across the hydrophobic membrane. This paper offers the review of the potentability of MD process for purification application and water desalination. It covers the basic fundamental of MD process, MD modules, membrane materials, heat and mass transfer phenomena, operating parameters, and performance of MD process. It also covers the review of MD processes driven by renewable energy sources and current innovations in the process. The recent research results in these different areas are presented and discussed. The multi-effect MD process is found to be a new generation MD process and attractive research area in the wastewater treatment and purification application for the commercial approach.

No abstract

TiO2-ZrO2 mixed oxide support was prepared and impregnated with 12 wt % MoO3 and calcined at various temperatures. The resultant catalyst systems were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, BET, SEM, NH3-TPD and pyridine adsorbed FT-IR methods to know the physico-chemical changes occurred in course of thermal treatment. Activities of these catalysts were tested by employing them in the nitration of o-xylene. Mostly, 500 oC calcined catalyst sample was found to be most active for nitration reaction. Catalyst calcined at higher temperatures showed the negative influence on o-xylene conversion and 4-nitro-o-xylene selectivity. Conversion can be correlated with the presence of strong Brönsted acid sites over the catalyst surface whereas change in selectivity was found attributed to the pore diameter of the catalyst. These catalysts also performed satisfactorily, when used for nitration of other aromatics. No use of corrosive sulfuric acid and efficient reusability of the catalyst make the process environmentally friendly and economic. © 2010 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

No abstract

Column kinetics for fluoride ion removal could be described more adequately by the Lobenstein model than by conventionally used models. This model can be used in a linearized form. Use of this model minimizes the error resulting from use of conventional models, especially at lower or higher time periods of the breakthrough curve.

A factorial experimental design method was used to examine the "Cu 2+ " removal from acid mine drainage wastewater by ion exchange technique. Ion Exchange technique is preferred because of reduced sludge generation compared to conventional treatment techniques and better decontamination efficiency from highly diluted solutions. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of four factors pH (3, 5, and 6), flow rate (5, 10, 15 L/hr), resin bed height (20, 40 and 60 cm) and initial concentration of the metal (100, 150 and 200 mgl -1 ) at three levels. The efficiency of metal removal was determined after 100 min of treatment. Main effects and interaction effects of the four factors were analyzed using statistical techniques. A regression model was recommended and it was found to fit the experimental data very well. The results were analyzed statistically using the Student's t-test, analysis of variance, F-test and lack of fit to define most important process variables affecting the percentage "Cu 2+ " removal. In this study, pH was thus found to be the most important variable.

Abstract-In this paper we have used the heuristic search algorithm for the process optimization of Reactive Distillation column. Basically, Process optimization is the manipulation of process variables, so as to optimize some of the parameters without violating the constraints. Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) is a new heuristic optimization technique based on law of gravity and mass interactions. This technique is used for process optimization of Methyl-Tert-Butyl-Ether (MTBE) reactive distillation. This work highlights the potential of GSA for an optimization of MTBE reactive distillation that involves complex reaction system. The results obtained gives better performance of MTBE reactive distillation.