A B S T R A C TMembrane distillation (MD) is a non-isothermal separation process driven on the vapor pressure difference, induced by the temperature difference across the hydrophobic membrane. This paper offers the review of the potentability of MD process for purification application and water desalination. It covers the basic fundamental of MD process, MD modules, membrane materials, heat and mass transfer phenomena, operating parameters, and performance of MD process. It also covers the review of MD processes driven by renewable energy sources and current innovations in the process. The recent research results in these different areas are presented and discussed. The multi-effect MD process is found to be a new generation MD process and attractive research area in the wastewater treatment and purification application for the commercial approach.
A factorial experimental design method was used to examine the "Cu 2+ " removal from acid mine drainage wastewater by ion exchange technique. Ion Exchange technique is preferred because of reduced sludge generation compared to conventional treatment techniques and better decontamination efficiency from highly diluted solutions. Factorial design of experiments is employed to study the effect of four factors pH (3, 5, and 6), flow rate (5, 10, 15 L/hr), resin bed height (20, 40 and 60 cm) and initial concentration of the metal (100, 150 and 200 mgl -1 ) at three levels. The efficiency of metal removal was determined after 100 min of treatment. Main effects and interaction effects of the four factors were analyzed using statistical techniques. A regression model was recommended and it was found to fit the experimental data very well. The results were analyzed statistically using the Student's t-test, analysis of variance, F-test and lack of fit to define most important process variables affecting the percentage "Cu 2+ " removal. In this study, pH was thus found to be the most important variable.
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