A B S T R A C TMembrane distillation (MD) is a non-isothermal separation process driven on the vapor pressure difference, induced by the temperature difference across the hydrophobic membrane. This paper offers the review of the potentability of MD process for purification application and water desalination. It covers the basic fundamental of MD process, MD modules, membrane materials, heat and mass transfer phenomena, operating parameters, and performance of MD process. It also covers the review of MD processes driven by renewable energy sources and current innovations in the process. The recent research results in these different areas are presented and discussed. The multi-effect MD process is found to be a new generation MD process and attractive research area in the wastewater treatment and purification application for the commercial approach.
A novel multi-effect membrane distillation (MEMD) process has been implemented to treat water containing four different inorganic solutes. The 4-stage MEMD module was developed based on the air-gap configuration. The influence of operating parameters like concentration, feed temperature, flow rate and operating time on permeate fluxes of zinc sulfate, sodium fluoride, magnesium chloride and sodium carbonate solutions was observed. Concentration had negligible effect on the MEMD's permeate flux, while its performance increased with increasing feed temperature and flow rate. Its separation efficiency was stable at more than99.91% throughout the experiment. In addition, its specific energy consumption after the recovery of the latent heat of vaporization and sensible heat of brine was measured at different component concentrations and found to be independent of the type of component.
The experimental investigation and numerical analysis of horizontally placed flat pulsating heat pipe is carried out. The flat pulsating heat pipe with a width of 11 mm and thickness of 2mm is used for experimental investigation. Out of the total volume of the tube 72 % of the volume is filled with water as working fluid. The processor of a computer act as heat source. The flat pulsating heat pipe takes heat from the processor of and rejects heat at another end. The externally powered fan is used to increase the rate of heat transfer. During the operation the 8 watts of power is consumed by the processor. The maximum temperature recorded during the operation of processor of computer is 323 K. The temperatures are measured with the help of digital laser thermometer. The numerical model is developed with Ansys design modeler. The volume of fluid approach is used to predict the physics of fluid flow during complex phenomenon of evaporation and condensation.
Numerical analysis of horizontally placed open and closed loop pulsating heat pipe (CLPHP) is carried with water as working fluid. The filling ratio (FR) of working fluid is taken as 77 %. The processor of laptop act as heat source. The 3D Computational domain is prepared with the help of Ansys design modeler. The Volume of Fluid (VOF) Approach is used to simulate the liquid vapor slug flow in horizontally placed open and closed loop pulsating heat pipe. Adaptive simulation settings with the time step of 0.0005 is selected to capture the movement of liquid and vapor slug flow. The contour of liquid volume fraction, wall temperature and visualized in the analysis. The objective of numerical simulation is to predict the behaviour and to understand the flow pattern of liquid vapor slug flow during the complex process of evaporation and condensation. The maximum temperature recorded for heat source is 323 K.
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