We conducted phylogenetic analyses using two DNA sequence data sets derived from matK, the maturase-coding gene located in an intron of the plastid gene trnK, and the internal transcribed spacer region of 18S-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA to examine relationships in subtribe Aeridinae (Orchidaceae). Specifically, we investigated (1) phylogenetic relationships among genera in the subtribe, (2) the congruence between previous classifications of the subtribe and the phylogenetic relationships inferred from the molecular data, and (3) evolutionary trends of taxonomically important characters of the subtribe, such as pollinia, a spurred lip, and a column foot. In all, 75 species representing 62 genera in subtribe Aeridinae were examined. Our analyses provided the following insights: (1) monophyly of subtribe Aeridinae was tentatively supported in which 14 subclades reflecting phylogenetic relationships can be recognized, (2) results are inconsistent with previous classifications of the subtribe, and (3) repeated evolution of previously emphasized characters such as pollinia number and apertures, length of spur, and column foot was confirmed. It was found that the inconsistencies are mainly caused by homoplasy of these characters. At the genus level, Phalaenopsis, Cleisostoma, and Sarcochilus are shown to be non-monophyletic.

A newly isolated white-rot fungus, Armillaria sp. strain F022, was isolated from the decayed wood in a tropical rain forest. Strain F022 was capable of decolorizing a variety of synthetic dyes, including azo, triphenylmethane, and anthraquinone dyes, with an optimal efficiency of decolorization obtained when dyes added after 96 h of culture, with the exception of Brilliant Green. All of the tested dyes were decolorized by the purified laccase in the absence of any redox mediators, but only a few were completely removed, while others were not completely removed even when decolorization time was increased. The laccase, with possible contributions from unknown enzymes, played a role in the decolorization process carried out by Armillaria sp. F022 cultures, and this biosorption contributed a negligible part to the decolorization by cultures. The effect of dye to fungal growth was also investigated. When dyes were added at 0 h of culture, the maximum dry mycelium weight (DMW) values in the medium containing Brilliant Green were 1/6 of that achieved by the control group. For other dyes, the DMW was similar with control. The toxic tolerance of dye for the cell beads was excellent at least up to a concentration of 500 mg/l. The optimum conditions for decolorization of three synthetic dyes are at pH 4 and 40°C.

Molecular Phylogenetic Studies in Providing BasicKnowledge to Improve Quality of Genetic Resources of Orchid. Topik Hidayat and Adi Pancoro. Early information resulted from molecular phylogenetic studies of many important ornamental crops is often less attention to many growers and farmers. Phylogenetics is one of the most preferable method in systematics to reconstruct evolutionary relationships of groups of biological organisms in order to understand their biodiversities. This has been revolutionized by DNA sequences data. In this method, a group of organisms that shares many identical characteristics are considered to be closely related; deriving from a common ancestor and is assumed to have similar genetic patterns and biochemical properties. By these basic principles, molecular phylogenetics plays important roles in revealing a basic knowledge on pattern of relationships to which genetic resources can be improved. Over the past decade, botanists have done several thousand phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data of economically and horticulturally important crops. Orchids are the best example for this. There is no doubt that most orchid plants had played roles in horticulture and hybridization. At present, many infrageneric and intergeneric hybrids are available commercially. Successful hybridization can be achieved if two or more individual plants understudy are closely related in respect to their genetics and evolution.

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The use of biomaterials or microorganisms in PAHs degradation had presented an eye-catching performance. Pleurotus eryngii is a white rot fungus, which is easily isolated from the decayed woods in the tropical rain forest, used to determine the capability to utilize naphthalene, a two-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as source of carbon and energy. In the meantime, biotransformation of naphthalene to intermediates and other by-products during degradation was investigated in this study. Pleurotus eryngii had been incubated in liquid medium formulated with naphthalene for 14 days. The presence of metabolites of naphthalene suggests that Pleurotus eryngii begin the ring cleavage by dioxygenation on C1 and C4 position to give 1,4-naphthaquinone. 1,4-Naphthaquinone was further degraded to benzoic acid, where the proposed terepthalic acid is absent in the cultured extract. Further degradation of benzoic acid by Pleurotus eryngii shows the existence of catechol as a result of the combination of decarboxylation and hydroxylation process. Unfortunately, phthalic acid was not detected in this study. Several enzymes, including manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, laccase, 1,2-dioxygenase and 2,3-dioxygenase are enzymes responsible for naphthalene degradation. Reduction of naphthalene and the presence of metabolites in liquid medium showed the ability of Pleurotus eryngii to utilize naphthalene as carbon source instead of a limited glucose amount.

Advanced phylogenetic analyses of the orchid subtribe Aeridinae has been conducted using DNA sequences of ITS region of nrDNA andmatK of cpDNA. In the preliminary work, we only involved the most representative Asian genera of the subtribe. Further, to establish more robust relationships in the Aeridinae, in this study we have extended the sampling to include Australasian specimens. Our analyses revealed that: (1) the subtribe is reorganised by four major groups with 11 subgroups (This is inconsistent with previous classification systems of the subtribe); (2) the Australasian region is a secondary center of diversification of the subtribe; (3) vegetative features have shown to have greater value than reproductive one in determining major groups in the subtribe; and (4) at genus level, some genera, i.e. Phalaenopsis,Cleisostoma, Sarcochilus, and Aerides are shown to be non-monophyletic. This study also resolved the taxonomic status ofAerides flabellata Rolve ex Downie, a species with a debatable generic position.

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AbstrakKualitas pelayanan, dan sarana prasarana merupakan faktor penting dalam industri fitness center. Tujuan penelitian adalah membandingkan dua sarana fitness center terbesar di kota Bandung dalam hal kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana, sampel penelitian adalah dua fitness center terbesar di kota Bandung yaitu Celebrity fitness dan d'Groove sport welness center. Desain penelitian dipilih dan digunakan berdasarkan jenis penelitian ini penulis menggunakan paradigma ganda dengan dua variabel independen dan satu variabel dependen. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi komparatif, sampel penelitian merupakan member dari dua fitness center, yang berjumlah 60 orang. Instrumen penelitian yang digunakan adalah skala perbandingan. Hasil penelitian diketahui nilai z-hitung untuk pelayanan adalah 4,441 dengan probabilitas hasil penelitian dalam pelayanan sarana dan prasarana adalah (Sig.) 0,000 < 0,05. Sedangkan untuk minat adalah 1,410 dengan nilai probabilitas (Sig.) 0,158 > 0,05 maka Ho diterima. Artinya tidak terdapat perbedaan pengaruh antara kualitas pelayanan sarana dan prasarana di d'Groove dan Celebrity fitness terhadap minat pengunjung. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan dan analisis data, maka penulis dapat menyimpulkan hasil penelitian sebagai berikut: Terdapat perbedaan kualitas pelayanan d'Groove sport and wellness center dengan Celebrity fitness. Tidak terdapat pengaruh sarana-prasarana di d'grove sport and wellnes center dengan Celebrity fitnes terhadap minat pengunjung.Kata kunci : Kualitas pelayanan, dan sarana prasarana merupakan faktor penting dalam industri fitness center