This paper considers the education of the labour force based on an analysis of trends in and the relationships between job polarization and skills mismatch. Both job polarization and skills mismatch have become topics of increasing interest, but relationships between the two have been relatively neglected in the literature. We argue that the relationship between polarization and skills mismatch is an empirical matter, which we analyse at both the macroeconomic and microeconomic level in European countries. A novel job polarization index (JPI) is proposed to measure imbalanced job polarization. It takes into account not only the change in the share of medium-level jobs, as is typical for measuring pure polarization, but also the imbalance between the change in high-level and low-level jobs. Skills mismatch at macrolevel is measured by a skills mismatch index (SMI), while traditional measures of undereducation and overeducation are used at the microeconomic level. At the macroeconomic level, we estimate a system of two equations, one for each of the country-level variables gauging polarization and mismatch, respectively. Imbalanced job polarization measured Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12651-016-0196-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.Responsibility for opinions expressed in this paper rests solely with the authors and does not constitute an endorsement by the ILO. by the JPI negatively affects skills mismatch at the macroeconomic level (SMI), but there is no significant reverse effect. Thereafter we consider the microeconomic level and study the determinants of mismatch using multi-level mixed effects logistic models. The effect of imbalanced job polarization on individual-level mismatch was arguably favourable for individuals in non-crisis time, decreasing overeducation risk although also increasing the chances of undereducation, both gauged using the normative measure, but unfavourable during the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and the following two years.
This article shows how both segregation by sex and segregation by hours shape the occupational space of part‐time workers. The level of segregation by sex varies according to the shares of full‐time and part‐time work in total employment, and the trade‐off between increasing the volume of female employment and decreasing segregation by sex is much stronger for full‐time work. The author argues that there is less segregation by sex in part‐time work than in full‐time work, and that it is the gap between the volume of male and female part‐time employment that determines the effect of part‐time work on segregation in total employment.
Labour market performance in Pakistan has improved markedly in recent years. This paper examines the extent to which young people have benefited from this improvement, using the labour market vulnerability framework that was recently introduced by the ILO. This framework can be used to assess the difficulties young people face on the road to decent employment, and may also serve as a basis for the development of appropriate policies and interventions. Drawing on empirical evidence from various surveys, in particular the Labour Force Survey, we conclude that vulnerability among the youth has generally been reduced since 1999-2000. Vulnerability of women has been reduced through higher enrolment rates in education, and unemployment among both men and women has declined. Far less progress has been made in reducing vulnerability among the employed, and youth still face numerous obstacles that hamper the attainment of decent employment. The paper offers recommendations on the role of labour market information in reducing youth vulnerability.
Resumen Este artículo examina la segregación por género y por duración de la jornada laboral, y cómo interactúan, restringiendo las opciones profesionales de los trabajadores afectados. La relación compensatoria (excluyente) entre aumento del empleo femenino y disminución de la segregación por género es más fuerte en el empleo a tiempo completo. La segregación por género parece menor en el empleo a tiempo parcial, pero lo que determina el efecto del empleo a tiempo parcial en el nivel de segregación en el empleo total es la diferencia de las tasas de empleo a tiempo parcial de hombres y mujeres.
Résumé L'auteur montre comment la ségrégation sexuelle et la ségrégation en fonction de la durée du travail modèlent l'espace professionnel des travailleurs à temps partiel. La première varie selon les parts du plein temps et du temps partiel dans l'emploi total. Le compromis entre volume de l'emploi féminin et ségrégation sexuelle est plus prégnant pour le plein temps. La ségrégation sexuelle est moins marquée dans l'emploi à temps partiel que dans l'emploi à plein temps, et l'écart entre le volume de l'emploi à temps partiel masculin et celui de l'emploi à temps partiel féminin détermine les effets du travail à temps partiel sur la ségrégation dans l'emploi total.
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