[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the reference values for the chair stand
test (CST) in healthy older Japanese people. [Methods] Relevant research articles for the
5-repetition chair stand test (CS-5) and the 30-second chair stand test (CS-30) were
identified by electronic database and manual searching. Research articles involving
healthy Japanese people aged 60 years and older were included in a meta-analysis. Weighted
means of the CS-5 and CS-30 were estimated by the random effect model as the reference
values for the CST. Further, the effects of age and sex on the reference values were
analyzed by a meta-regression analysis. [Results] Seven articles (21 data) and three
articles (14 data) were included in the meta-analyses for the CS-5 and CS-30,
respectively. The reference value for the CS-5 was estimated as 8.50 sec [95% confidence
interval (CI): 7.93–9.07]; age and sex were not associated with this reference value. The
reference value for the CS-30 was estimated as 17.26 times [95%CI: 15.98–18.55], and age
was significantly associated with this value. [Conclusion] When the CS-5 and CS-30 are
used to evaluate elderly Japanese people, the reference values for the CS-5 and CS-30
determined in this study would be useful indices.
Objectives Reference values for hand grip strength in Japanese community-dwelling elderly independent in activities of daily living (ADLs) were calculated by metaanalysis. Methods Papers reporting data on hand grip strength in elderly Japanese adults C60 years of age and independent in ADLs were retrieved from electronic databases. Data were extracted from the selected papers and the weighted mean for hand grip strength by sex was calculated by random effect model. The association of hand grip strength with age and body weight was also analyzed using metaregression analysis. Results Data for 15,784 individuals (5216 men and 10,568 women; mean age 67.0-79.8 years) were extracted from 97 sets of data from 33 papers. The weighted mean for hand grip strength was calculated as 33.11 kg in women. A significant negative correlation was also seen between hand grip strength and age.Conclusions The mean hand grip strength of elderly people calculated in this study can be used as a reference value for the hand grip strength of Japanese communitydwelling elderly who are independent in ADLs. However, age needs to be considered in reference values for hand grip strength.
The purpose of this study was to verify the magnitude of errors in muscle strength measurement using a handheld dynamometer (HHD). [Participants and Methods] The study participants were 16 healthy adults (32 limbs). A HHD was used to measure lower limb muscle strength, including hip flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and knee extension. Each measurement was performed two times by two experienced raters to verify the magnitude of errors in intra-and inter-rater measurements. The errors for each measurement were estimated using the % minimum detectable change (%MDC). [Results] The error in intra-rater measurements of hip adduction was within "acceptable" limits. The errors in inter-rater measurements of hip abduction and adduction exceeded "acceptable" limits. The errors of the other items were "acceptable". [Conclusion] When muscle strength is measured using an HHD, careful attention should be paid to the magnitude of errors found in this study.
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