Organic and printed electronics integration has the potential to revolutionise many technologies, including biomedical diagnostics. This work demonstrates the successful integration of multiple printed electronic functionalities into a single device capable of the measurement of hydrogen peroxide, and total cholesterol. The single-use device employed printed electrochemical sensors for hydrogen peroxide electroreduction integrated with printed electrochromic display and battery. The system was driven by a conventional electronic circuit designed to illustrate the complete integration of silicon ICs via pick and place, or using organic electronic circuits. The device was capable of measuring 8 µL samples of both hydrogen peroxide (0 to 5 mM, 2.72×10 -6 A.mM -1 ) and total cholesterol in serum from 0 to 9 mM (1.34×10 -8 A.mM -1 , r 2 =0.99, RSD <10%, n=3) which was output on a semi-quantitative linear bar display. The device could operate for 10 minutes via a printed battery and display the result for many hours or days. A mobile phone 'app' was also capable of reading the test result and transmitting this to a remote health care provider. Such a technology could allow improved management of conditions such as hypercholesterolemia.Printed electronics is being hailed as a technological revolution, equal in importance to the emergence of microelectronics over 50 years ago. The combined qualities of print-processable organic, inorganic and hybrid (semi)conductive materials which can be deposited onto flexible polymeric substrates using a range of additive, high throughput printing methodologies offer the prospect of low cost mass production capability and the potential for unprecedented levels of technological integration.

An electrochemical sensor for measuring total cholesterol in serum using Triton X-100 as a printed, non-enzymatic electrocatalyst for hydrogen peroxide and for the solubilisation of lipoproteins.

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and is caused by the build up of atherosclerotic plaques in the vasculature. It is now well established that the formation of these plaques is closely related to levels of both high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Thus, the importance of the effective measurement of these is critical for the improved diagnosis and management of atherosclerosis. This review discusses the emergence of methodologies for the selective determination of both LDL and HDL cholesterol. It begins with an explanation of the first methodologies based on ultracentrifugation and precipitation techniques, the development of reference methods, through to the emergence of methodologies suitable for routine laboratory use, followed by the development of professional use, point of care technologies. Finally, the current status of selective tests for cholesterol based on biosensor methodologies is reviewed and the potential for application in consumer diagnostics is discussed.

A biosensor for the determination of high density lipoprotein cholesterol employing combined surfactant-derived selectivity and sensitivity enhancements. Analytical Methods, 6. pp. 3975-3981. ISSN 1759-9660 Available from: http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/23377We recommend you cite the published version. The publisher's URL is: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C3AY42262C Refereed: YesPublished online first 7 Mar 2014 Disclaimer UWE has obtained warranties from all depositors as to their title in the material deposited and as to their right to deposit such material. UWE makes no representation or warranties of commercial utility, title, or fitness for a particular purpose or any other warranty, express or implied in respect of any material deposited. UWE makes no representation that the use of the materials will not infringe any patent, copyright, trademark or other property or proprietary rights. UWE accepts no liability for any infringement of intellectual property rights in any material deposited but will remove such material from public view pending investigation in the event of an allegation of any such infringement. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR TEXT.Journal Name High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a modifiable risk factor in cardiovascular disease and devices suitable for its determination at the point of care are critical to the future management of hypercholesterolaemia. An electrochemical biosensor for measuring HDL-C was developed. The 10 biosensor was based on a homogeneous assay methodology for selective determination of HDL-C in combination with a printed electrochemical sensor for measuring the reduction of hydrogen peroxide at a silver paste electrode. The polyoxyethylene alkylene tribenzylphenyl ether surfactant (Emulgen B-66) was found to be capable of both the selective dissolution of HDL particles, as well as the enhanced electrocatalytic reduction of hydrogen peroxide. The resulting biosensor was shown to have a linear 15 response to HDL-C from 0.5 to 4 mM (r 2 =0.998) with an average r.s.d. of 7%. The biosensor was also used to analyse HDL-C in thirteen serum samples and had good agreement with a commercial spectrophotometric precipitation-based assay (r=0.7222; p < 0.058). IntroductionCholesterol levels, including high density lipoprotein cholesterol 20 (HDL-C) are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), a condition which remains the number one global cause of death. 1-3 Levels of HDL-C above 60 mg/dL (1.55 mM) are considered to have a positive protective role in heart disease, while low HDL-C levels (less than 40 mg/dL or about 1 mM) are 25 linked to an increase in heart attack risk. For this reason, the importance of measurement of HDL-C has been emphasized by the National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP) since the late 1980s. 4,5 The measurement of HDL-C is also important for two other purposes: Network (CRMLN) developed a simpler method based on a modified dextran sulphate procedure. 8 However, this technique, like the CDC method, also required large sample volumes and a...