The main focus of this article was to investigate the potential of natural zeolite adsorbent for the removal of CO 2 and H 2 S in biogas produced from palm oil mill effluent (POME) in fixed-bed column adsorption. The effects of the flowrates and dosage of the adsorbent on the CO 2 adsorption were also studied. The surface area of the adsorbent was determined using the Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) model, while the pore size distribution was calculated according to the Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH) model. The morphology of the adsorbent was determined by field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (FESEM-EDX) analysis. Before and after purification, the biogas was analyzed by gas chromatography with a thermal conductivity detector and polydimethylsiloxane as a column. Biogas from the POME, via the anaerobic digestion process, produced 89% CH 4 and 11% CO 2 . The surface and structure of the clinoptilolite zeolites was modified by a strong acid (1M HCl), strong base (1M NaOH), and calcination at 450C, and the surface area of the natural zeolites was reduced up to 16%. The working capability of CO 2 adsorption by the modified zeolites decreased with increasing flow rates (100, 200, and 300 mL/min) of the biogas, with levels of CO 2 at 106,906, 112,237, and 115,256 mg/L. The removal of the CO 2 in the biogas by using adsorbent dosages of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 g was 97,878, 97,404 and 93,855 mg/L, respectively. The optimum purification of the biogas occurred under the flow rate of 100 mL/min and adsorbent dosage of 2.5 g. The high working capability of the modified zeolites for the removal of CO 2 in the biogas was a key factor, and the most important characteristic for the adsorbent. The results indicate that clinoptilolite zeolites are promising adsorbent materials for both the purification and upgrading of biogas.
Egg whites traditionally used for the treatment of burns. In this research, egg white was formulated as gel dosage form for easy to use and covered unpleasant odor. The aim of the study was to determined effectivity of egg white in gel dosage form against the healing of superficial partial thickness burns (second degree) on white rats (Rattus novergicus) Wistar strain with parameters were macrophages, fibroblasts, collagen deposit density and wound healing. Research subject were male white rats aged 3 months. Second degree burns on the back of rat with a diameter of 2 cm were made by using a hot coin with temperature 80 ° C for 20 seconds. 18 white rats divided into 3 groups of treatment that is negative control using 0.9% NaCl, positive control using Bioplacenton®, and 40% egg white gel as treatment. Based on the experimental results, white egg gel given topically decreased the number of macrophages and increase the number of fibroblasts, increase the density of collagen deposits and speed up wound healing on second degree burns. White egg gel had significantly difference with negative control of NaCl 0.9% and no significantly difference with Bioplasenton as positive control.
Snakehead fish (Channa striata) have high albumin content, a protein needed for cell development and the formation of new tissue. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of snakehead fish extract emulgel given topically on incision wounds in white rats. The parameters of wound healing consist of wound length, a number of neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts and density of collagen. The white rats divide into three groups of (n = 6), one group was given the emulgel base as the negative control, one group of povidone-iodine as the positive control, and one group of snakehead fish extract 10% emulgel. White rats were sacrificed on the third and seventh days for microscopic observations. The results showed that snakehead fish extract emulgel can accelerate incision wound healing: decrease wound length, increase the number of neutrophil and macrophages cells, increase the average number of fibroblasts and increase collagen density on white rats.
Background: Diabetic gangrene is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus caused by neuropathy, blood vessel disorders, and infection by Staphylococcus aureus. S.sonchifolius leaves contains flavonoid as hypoglycemic agents and sesquiterpene lactones as antibacterial. Unfortunately, oral administration of S. sonchifolius leaves infusion causes kidney toxicity. Objective: The aimed of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the transdermal patch of S. sonchifolius leaves ethanol extract on gangrene wound healing with macroscopic parameters and neoangiogenesis of gangrenous wounds in white rats that have been induced by diabetes mellitus. Material and Methods: This study used 4 treatment groups: positive control (Bevalex® cream), negative control (patch without S. sonchifolius leaves extract), F1 (S. sonchifolius leaves patch without enhancer), and F2 (S. sonchifolius leaves patch with Tween 60 as enhancer). The dose of S. sonchifolius leaves given was 400 mg/kg BW. Alloxan-induced diabetic rat feet were injected with S. aureus to form gangrene. Observations were made on the 7th and 14th days. Results: Based on the Wagner-Meggit scale on macroscopic observations, administration of a transdermal patch of S. sonchifolius leaves accelerates gangrene healing. The statistical results of neoangiogenesis on the 7th and 14th days showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the positive control, F1, and F2 to the negative control. F2 showed the highest angiogenesis on day 7 (114.00 ± 5,00) and 14 (161.00 ± 5.29) compared to all groups. Tween 60 as enhancer increase the number of angiogenesis. Both F1 and F2 did not show a significant difference to the positive control. Conclusion: S. sonchifolius leaves ethanol extract patch accelerated the diabetic gangrene healing process based on macroscopic and neoangiogenesis observation on the 7th and 14th days. Toxicity examination in white rats are needed before clinical study in human.
Ketoprofen merupakan obat antiinflamasi nonsteroid yang sering digunakan sebagai analgesik pasca operasi yang belum bisa menerima pemberian obat secara oral sehingga ketoprofen diformulasikan dalam bentuk sediaan gel rektal agar efek terapeutiknya dapat dicapai dengan cepat akan tetapi ketoprofen memiliki kelarutan yang rendah. Tween 80 merupakan surfaktan yang digunakan untuk meningkatkan kelarutan ketoprofen. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui pengaruh Tween 80 terhadap mutu fisik dan laju pelepasan gel rektal ketoprofen. Evaluasi mutu fisik terhadap sediaan meliputi uji organoleptis, homogenitas, uji daya sebar, uji viskositas dan uji pH. Uji pelepasan ketoprofen ditetapkan dengan Franz diffusion cell menggunakan membran whatman 0,45µm dan larutan dapar fosfat pH 7,4 sebagai media reseptor. Kadar ketoprofen ditentukan dengan spektrofotometer UV-VIS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa profil pelepasan ketoprofen dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi Tween 80, semakin besar konsentrasi Tween 80 menyebabkan nilai fluks pelepasan semakin besar. Tween 80 dengan konsentrasi 1%, 2,5%, 5%, 7,5% menghasilkan fluks pelepasan berturut-turut sebesar 111,660; 155,465; 449,648; 644,853 µg/cm 2 /jam 1/2. Berdasarkan analisa statistik dengan Anova menunjukkan perbedaan nilai fluks secara signifikan (p<0,05). Kata kunci: Ketoprofen, gel rektal, tween 80, fluks pelepasan Formulation of Ketoprofen Rectal Gel with Tween 80 as Solubility Enhancer Ketoprofen is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,often used as a post operative analgesic for the patient which is oral drug delivery, so ketoprofen should be formulated in rectal gel dosage forms that their therapeutic effect can be achieved quickly and has a low solubility. Tween 80 is a surfactant that is used to improve the solubility of ketoprofen. The purposes of this study were to determine the effect of Tween 80 on the release of ketoprofen and the physical quality of rectal gel. Evaluation of physical quality of the preparation includes organoleptic test, homogeneity test, spreadability test, viscosity test and pH test. The release of ketoprofen determined by Franz diffusion cell using whatman membrane 0.45µm and a solution of pH 7.4 phosphate buffer as receptor media. The amount of ketoprofen pass in through the membrane was determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The results showed that the release profile of ketoprofen was affected by the concentration of Tween 80, the greater the concentration of Tween 80 the greater the value of flux release. Tween 80 at the concentration 1%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% produce release flux values of 111.660; 155.465; 449.648; 644.853µg/cm 2 /hour 1/2. Statistical analysis by Anova of difference release flux values of each formula were significantly different (p<0.05).
<p><span lang="EN-US">Diabetes melitus adalah penyakit metabolik yang ditandai dengan hiperglikemia akibat kelainan sekresi insulin, kerja insulin atau keduanya. Salah satu permasalahan yang dihadapi dalam pengobatan pasien diabetes adalah kepatuhan terhadap terapi obat. Daun insulin (<em>Smallantus sonchifolius</em>) memiliki efek menurunkan kadar gula darah, tetapi pada penggunaan jangka panjang per oral dapat menimbulkan efek samping terbentuknya lesi ginjal. Rute penghantaran alternatif untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien dan menurunkan efek samping adalah penghantaran transdermal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efek <em>patch</em> transdermal ekstrak etanol daun insulin terhadap kadar gula darah dan gambaran histopatologi pankreas tikus. Tikus putih yang telah diinduksi aloksan dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok perlakuan yaitu: kontrol positif (metformin per oral), <em>patch</em> tanpa ekstrak daun insulin dengan peningkat penetrasi <em>Tween 60</em>, <em>patch</em> tanpa ekstrak daun insulin dengan peningkat penetrasi <em>Span 80</em>, <em>patch</em> ekstrak daun insulin dengan <em>Tween 60</em>, dan <em>patch</em> ekstrak daun insulin dengan <em>Span 80</em>. Dosis ekstrak etanol daun insulin yang digunakan sebesar 400 mg/kgBB. Pengamatan terhadap kadar gula darah dan gambaran histopatologi pankreas dilakukan selama 14 hari. Analisis data menggunakan Anova satu jalan. Penggunaan <em>patch</em> transdermal ekstrak daun insulin menurunkan gula darah tikus sejak hari ke-1 dan pada hari ke-9 menghasilkan kadar gula darah tikus lebih rendah dibandingkan metformin per oral. Penambahan peningkat penetrasi <em>Tween 60</em> dan <em>Span 80</em> meningkatkan penurunan kadar gula darah. Hasil yang sama juga didapatkan pada parameter gambaran histopatologi pankreas tikus. Berdasar hasil penelitian, pemberian <em>patch</em> transdermal ekstrak etanol daun insulin (<em>Smallanthus sonchifolius</em>) dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dan mempengaruhi gambaran hispatologi pankreas pada tikus putih. </span></p>
To meet information related to the COVID-19 pandemic, people usually search the internet, most of this is YouTube, which is the dominant source finding information. The purpose of this community service was to provide valid information in terms of pharmaceutical science, easy to understand by the public regarding the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 so that people can behave appropriately. The method was carried out by providing audiovisual information related to the COVID-19 pandemic through the “Pharmacy Community News” YouTube channel. The evaluation was measured by the number of viewers and the number of comments on the video. Educational videos made by students of the Faculty of Pharmacy UKWMS based on research journals under the guidance of lecturers. The information presented includes the themes: hand sanitizers and disinfectants; hoaxes related to COVID-19; vitamins and herbal as immunomodulators; guidelines of COVID-19 treatment and others related to COVID-19. For a year, these videos have been viewed 18,969 times and received 1490 times comments as responses from the public. Based on this data, we can conclude that health education related to COVID-19 during the pandemic through the Youtube channel can reach the wider community and can provide the valid information.
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