This study was conducted at El-Mansoura district, Dakahlia Governorate during September-October 2011 on pea plantation to evaluate the efficiency of certain biocides compared with some Molluscicides against Monacha sp. Land snails on laboratory and field. Results can be concluded that Biogard, Cranch, Protecto and Vertimec were used with 1, 2 and 3 % concentrations as leaf dipping technique. LC50 and LC90 values were (2.84 and 18.75 %), (1.97 and 4.57 %), (4.99 and 25.29 %) and (0.63 and 2.56 %), respectively. While LC50 and LC90 as poison bait fore mention before biocides were (2.04 and 37.3%), (2.08 and 5.97 %), (3.45 and 19.50 %) and (0.51 and 2.13 %), respectively in laboratory. Results of the field experiments showed that the tested biocides reduced Monacha sp. Population density on pea plantation with low values, except, Vertimec (83.32%) after 21 days residue effect. While Molluscicides were the most effective (up to 90 %) to population density reduction of land snails infesting pea plantation compared with tested biocides compound.
The biochemical effects of two compounds i.e. theophylline and furosemide were studied on the glassy clover snail Monacha obstructa. Animals were treated with sub-lethal concentration (¼ LC50) of each tested compound using contact (thin film) technique. Some biochemical parameters were measures at different periods after treatment. Results showed that the two tested compounds gradually reduced the activity of aspartate amino transferase (AST) and peroxidase enzymes with the prolongation of periods after treatment, while the contrary occurred with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as both compounds enhanced its activity proportionally than control. Concerning lactic acid dehydrogenase (LDH), results showed severe reduction in its level after 1, 2, 3 and 4 days post-treatment. Also catalase enzyme took adverse way as its activity increased in the 1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th days for both compounds. On the other hand, levels of the total protein and total lipid were significantly or insignificantly decreased post-treatment with the two tested compounds.
This study was conducted under field conditions at Quessna district, Monufya Governorate during two successive seasons 2009 and 2010. The present work aimed to throw light on the effect of climatic factors temperature degree and relative humidity on land snails population and their damage to some stand crops( Clover, Lettuce and Navel orange ). The obtained results could be summarized as follows:-1)-Monacha cartusiana (Muller) and Eobania vermiculata (Muller) were only observed infesting Clover, Lettuce and Navel orange during the experimental period. Also, the the ecological studies indicated that M. cartusiana was found in abundance on Clover and Lettuce both, meanwhile Navel orange had E. vemiculata more than the another, snail. 2) -Clover was the most attractive to M. cartusiana followed by Lettuce and Navel orange, whereas, the last crop was the most attractive to E. vermaculata than Clover and Lettuce. 3)-The land snails population was fluctuated during the experimental crop life from month to month due to variations in temperature degree and relative humidity.The results indicate that there is a positive correlation between snail population and the relative humidity , meanwhile it is negative with the temperature degree. The highest population (115.5 individuals) was recorded in February (16 C &59.9 % R.H.) and the lowest one (33 individuals) in May (29 C & 54.7% R.H.). 4)-The obtained results showed that the highest infestation of land snails (0.89%, 0.83% and 0.64%) and the lowest (0.45%, 0.49% and 0.19%) for Clover, Lettuce and Navel orange were recorded in March (18.6C & 59.7% R.H.)and in May (29 C & 54.7% R.H.), respectively. 5)-The obtained results proved that the most suitable geographical conditions to increase the population of land snails are low temperature degree and height relative humidity. Also, it is added that, there is a positive correlation between population of land snails and their damage to the three tested crops.
The effect of dryness and different periods of starvation on E.vermeculata were studied. Results revealed that famine and dryness affect on the weight and mortality of all stages of this snail particularly three months stage, while adults were the most support to these factors. Data indicated also that this treatments were more impressive on the number of clutches, the number of eggs in each clutch, depth of clutch in the soil and solitary eggs deposited. The snail laid the most number of the eggs when it fed every 2 days under 80-85% soil moisture. On the other hand, adults of this snail were compelled to lay their eggs on surface of the soil under dryness conditions.
Laboratory study was carried out to show the effect of daily oral administration 1 /4 LD50 (500 mg/kg b.w.) of herbicide Butachlor (Machete) after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks post treatments on some organs weight and histological changing of the climbing rat Rattus rattus frugivorous. Concerning the histological changes in liver, there was focal mononuclear leucocytes the results of this study cleared that there is a significant decrease in body weight of the treated animal comparing to the untreated ones during the period of exp. On contrast weight of the liver, kidney, heart and lungs that increased significantly and caused inflammatory cells infiltration, kÜpffer cells proliferation and hemosiderin pigments in between the degenerated hepatocytes. In addition dilation in the central veins, portal veins and sinusoids were observed. Also, AST, ALT enzymes and total protein were changed in plasma of roof rat, Rattus rattus after oral administration 1 /4 LD50 Butachlor herbicide daily for one month were affected. An increase in AST, ALT and total protein level at all tested periods, except at 4 th weak total protein did not significant changed compared with control.
MATERIALS AND METHODES
Chemical compound:Butachlor (Machete) herbicide was obtained from Monsanto Co. Chemical name:N-butoxymethyl-2-chloro-2, 6-dimethyl acetanilide. LD50 for rat 2000 mg/kg body weight.
Laboratory studies were applied to investigate the efficiency of bromadiolone 0.005%, vitamins (A, C and E) and bromadiolone 0.005% with vitamin E; on the both sexes of climb. rat, Rattus rattus alexandrines; the obtained results could be summarized in the following points;-The daily bait consumption of males and females of climbing rat, R. rattus had no any noticeable differences between the investigated vitamins A, C and E.), Vitamin A and C had no mortality, meanwhile vitamin E at 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0% caused 20%kill, 28%kill and 8.5%kill for male. Where it was 16%kill, 20%kill and 16.0% kill for female of R. rattus, respectively. Vitamin E at 1.0 ratio killed each of male and female of R. rattus after 1.8 day and 4.4 day as average, respectively. The tested vitamins (A, C and E) in different mixing bait ratio 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0%, caused reduction to the body weight of both sexes of climb. rat, Rattus rattus alexandrines especially Vitamin E, The daily bait consumption from bromadiolone 0.005% with 1.0% vitamin E of sub lethal doses, LD50, for male and females R. rattus, were (8.5gm),. The mortality increased when the rats exposed to bromadilone plus Vitamin E than either of them singly. Also the highest mortality was recorded for bromadilone + Vitamin E 0.75% (gave 30%kill) Mostly, the shortest time to death under the combination condition was recorded by female.
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