The present investigation uses a blend of Nigella sativa biodiesel, diesel, n-butanol, and graphene oxide nanoparticles to enhance the performance, combustion and symmetric characteristics and to reduce the emissions from the diesel engine of a modified common rail direct injection (CRDI). A symmetric toroidal-type combustion chamber and a six-hole solenoid fuel injector were used in the current investigation. The research aimed to study the effect of two fuel additives, n-butanol and synthesized asymmetric graphene oxide nanoparticles, in improving the fuel properties of Nigella sativa biodiesel (NSME25). The concentration of n-butanol (10%) was kept constant, and asymmetric graphene oxide nano-additive and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) surfactant were added to n-butanol and NSME25 in the form of nanofluid in varying proportions. The nanofluids were prepared using a probe sonication process to prevent nanoparticles from agglomerating in the base fluid. The process was repeated for biodiesel, n-butanol and nanofluid, and four different stable and symmetric nanofuel mixtures were prepared by varying the graphene oxide (30, 60, 90 and 120 ppm). The nanofuel blend NSME25B10GO90 displayed an enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at maximum load due to high catalytic activity and the enhanced microexplosion phenomenon developed by graphene oxide nanoparticles. The heat release rate (HRR), in-cylinder temperature increased, while exhaust gas temperature (EGT) decreased. Smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions also fell, in a trade-off with marginally increased NOx, for all nanofuel blends, compared with Nigella sativa biodiesel. The results obtained indicates that 90 ppm of graphene oxide nanoparticles and 10% n-butanol in Nigella sativa biodiesel are comparable with diesel fuel.
The present study reports about the use of fenugreek seed spent as a new and efficient biosorbent for the removal of acid blue 113 dye from aqueous media and textile industrial effluent. The spent is a low-cost by-product of nutraceutical industry. The effects of various process parameters of adsorption, such as pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, adsorbent particle size, contact time and temperature onto nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent (NIFGS) have been studied. Four numbers of two-parameter and six numbers of three-parameter isotherm models were used in the analysis of adsorption equilibrium data. Kinetic studies data conformed to pseudo-second-order model. Molecular diffusion studies were carried out using Weber-Morris, Dumwald-Wagner and film diffusion models. Change in enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°) and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) of adsorption system indicated that the process is physisorption. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and point of zero charge were used in characterizing the adsorbent. Fractional factorial experimental design and analysis of variance along with statistically developed model for adsorption helped to predict for a maximum adsorption of 661.5 mg g −1 using NIFGS. Application of NIFGS to textile industrial effluent and scaling up of the experimental process by three orders gave encouraging results. Keywords Acid blue 113 • Adsorption isotherm • ANOVA • Kinetics • Nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent List of symbols R 2 Correlation coefficient χ 2 Chi-squared test C o Initial concentration (µg ml −1) C e Equilibrium concentration (µg ml −1) q e Adsorption capacity (mg g −1) Q m Maximum adsorption capacity (mg g −1) q t Adsorption capacity at time 't' (mg g −1) ΔG°
Fennel seed spent (FSS)-an inexpensive nutraceutical industrial spent has been used as an efficient biosorbent for the removal of Congo red (CR) from aqueous media. Results show that the conditions for maximum adsorption would be pH 2-4 and 30°C were ideal for maximum adsorption. Based on regression fitting of the data, it was determined that the Sips isotherm (R = 0.994, χ = 0.5) adequately described the mechanism of adsorption, suggesting that the adsorption occurs homogeneously with favorable interaction between layers with favorable interaction between layers. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption is favorable (negative values for ΔG°) and endothermic (ΔH° = 12-20 kJ mol) for initial dye concentrations of 25, 50, and 100 ppm. The low ΔH° value indicates that the adsorption is a physical process involving weak chemical interactions like hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. The kinetics revealed that the adsorption process showed pseudo-second-order tendencies with the equal influence of intraparticle as well as film diffusion. The scanning electron microscopy images of FSS show a highly fibrous matrix with a hierarchical porous structure. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of the spent confirmed the presence of cellulosic and lignocellulosic matter, giving it both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. The investigations indicate that FSS is a cost-effective and efficient biosorbent for the remediation of toxic CR dye.
A novel concept of using Nutraceutical Industrial Coriander Seed Spent (NICSS) and Congo red (CR) dye adsorbed onto NICSS (CR‐NICSS) as filler materials to fabricate polypropylene (PP) green thermoplastic composites and unsaturated polyester resin unsaturated polyester resin (USP)/CR‐NICSS and USP/NICSS composites is presented. To maximize the adsorption of CR on NICSS and to study the influence of five parameters viz, process time, temperature, initial concentration of dye, adsorbent dosage and pH of the reaction mixture, we use a two‐level fractional factorial design approach and analysis of variance to develop statistical model. The composites were evaluated for physico‐mechanical and tribological properties and compared with the thermoplastic composites fabricated using NICSS. Flexural strength and flexural modulus of composites were improved by adding CR‐NICSS and NICSS into PP matrix. The abrasive wear behavior, wear volume loss and specific wear rate as a function of abrading distance at 150, 300, 450, and 600 m and different loads of 23.54 and 33.54 N at 200 rpm were determined. The water absorption characteristics of thermoplastic composites were studied. The surface morphology of tensile fractured PP/CR‐NICSS was examined under scanning electron microscope. The influence of water and thermal ageing on tensile strength and physical properties, such as density, surface hardness and effect of chemicals on USP/CR‐NICSS and USP/NICSS are reported. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1142–1157, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
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