Effect of Nano-Graphene Oxide and n-Butanol Fuel Additives Blended with Diesel—Nigella sativa Biodiesel Fuel Emulsion on Diesel Engine Characteristics

Abstract

The present investigation uses a blend of Nigella sativa biodiesel, diesel, n-butanol, and graphene oxide nanoparticles to enhance the performance, combustion and symmetric characteristics and to reduce the emissions from the diesel engine of a modified common rail direct injection (CRDI). A symmetric toroidal-type combustion chamber and a six-hole solenoid fuel injector were used in the current investigation. The research aimed to study the effect of two fuel additives, n-butanol and synthesized asymmetric graphene oxide nanoparticles, in improving the fuel properties of Nigella sativa biodiesel (NSME25). The concentration of n-butanol (10%) was kept constant, and asymmetric graphene oxide nano-additive and sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS) surfactant were added to n-butanol and NSME25 in the form of nanofluid in varying proportions. The nanofluids were prepared using a probe sonication process to prevent nanoparticles from agglomerating in the base fluid. The process was repeated for biodiesel, n-butanol and nanofluid, and four different stable and symmetric nanofuel mixtures were prepared by varying the graphene oxide (30, 60, 90 and 120 ppm). The nanofuel blend NSME25B10GO90 displayed an enhancement in the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and a reduction in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC) at maximum load due to high catalytic activity and the enhanced microexplosion phenomenon developed by graphene oxide nanoparticles. The heat release rate (HRR), in-cylinder temperature increased, while exhaust gas temperature (EGT) decreased. Smoke, hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions also fell, in a trade-off with marginally increased NOx, for all nanofuel blends, compared with Nigella sativa biodiesel. The results obtained indicates that 90 ppm of graphene oxide nanoparticles and 10% n-butanol in Nigella sativa biodiesel are comparable with diesel fuel.

Effect of Zinc Oxide Nano-Additives and Soybean Biodiesel at Varying Loads and Compression Ratios on VCR Diesel Engine Characteristics

“…The compression ratio of 21.5 illustrated a higher HRR due to higher burning velocity of fuel blends; the HRR values for 25, 50, and 75 ppm of ZnO in SBME25 were 61.844, 70.44, and 65.854 J/ • CA, respectively. The addition of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the SBME25 biodiesel blend increases the HRR at both compression ratios due to enhancement in oxygen content during combustion and atomization of fuel particles [33,56,[60][61][62][63][64][65]. Table 7 illustrates the final results analysis of SBME25 and nanofuel blends.…”

Study of diesel engine characteristics by adding nanosized zinc oxide and diethyl ether additives in Mahua biodiesel–diesel fuel blend

“…The zinc oxide NPs were dispersed in distilled water using a bath-type sonicator, which is an www.nature.com/scientificreports/ indirect method of sonication, the ultrasonicator operates at a frequency higher than 20 kHz for 30 min. The sonication was used to enhance the dissolution, by breaking intermolecular interactions to avoid clustering, agglomeration, and settling 3,72,73 . Also, the ultrasonication process facilitated the agglomerated nanoparticles back to their nanometer range and used to remove dissolved gases from liquids by sonicating the fluid under vacuum.…”

Individual Cylinder Combustion Optimization to Improve Performance and Fuel Consumption of a Small Turbocharged SI Engine

“…Stringent exhaust emission and fuel consumption regulations always impose the need for new solutions for further development of internal combustion engines. Concerning compression ignition engines, widely used due to their high fuel efficiency and specific power output, significant attention is paid to biodiesel, with the aim of both replacing fossil fuels and reducing exhaust emissions [1,2]. On the other hand, the high Nitrogen Oxides and Particulate Matter production represents a limit to meet worldwide exhaust emissions regulation, arousing major interest in spark ignition (SI) engines.…”