The present study reports about the use of fenugreek seed spent as a new and efficient biosorbent for the removal of acid blue 113 dye from aqueous media and textile industrial effluent. The spent is a low-cost by-product of nutraceutical industry. The effects of various process parameters of adsorption, such as pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dose, adsorbent particle size, contact time and temperature onto nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent (NIFGS) have been studied. Four numbers of two-parameter and six numbers of three-parameter isotherm models were used in the analysis of adsorption equilibrium data. Kinetic studies data conformed to pseudo-second-order model. Molecular diffusion studies were carried out using Weber-Morris, Dumwald-Wagner and film diffusion models. Change in enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy change (ΔS°) and Gibbs free energy change (ΔG°) of adsorption system indicated that the process is physisorption. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and point of zero charge were used in characterizing the adsorbent. Fractional factorial experimental design and analysis of variance along with statistically developed model for adsorption helped to predict for a maximum adsorption of 661.5 mg g −1 using NIFGS. Application of NIFGS to textile industrial effluent and scaling up of the experimental process by three orders gave encouraging results. Keywords Acid blue 113 • Adsorption isotherm • ANOVA • Kinetics • Nutraceutical industrial fenugreek seed spent List of symbols R 2 Correlation coefficient χ 2 Chi-squared test C o Initial concentration (µg ml −1) C e Equilibrium concentration (µg ml −1) q e Adsorption capacity (mg g −1) Q m Maximum adsorption capacity (mg g −1) q t Adsorption capacity at time 't' (mg g −1) ΔG°
Dye pollutants from research laboratories are one of the major sources for environmental contamination. In the present study, a nutraceutical industrial fennel seed spent (NIFSS) was explored as potential adsorbent for removal of ethidium bromide (EtBr) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Through batch experiments, the operating variables like initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, temperature, contact time, and pH were optimized. Equilibrium data were analyzed using three number of two-parameter and six number of three-parameter isotherm models. The adsorption kinetics was studied using pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. The diffusion effects were studied by film diffusion, Webber-Morris, and Dumwald-Wagner diffusion models. The thermodynamic parameters; change in enthalpy (ΔHº), entropy (ΔSº), and Gibbs free energy (ΔGº) of adsorption system were also determined and evaluated.
First-ever study was done using a low-cost Tribulus terrestris spent, a by-product of a nutraceutical industry as an effective biosorbent for removing acid blue 113 (AB113) from aqueous media. The effect of various factors such as pH, dye concentration, amount of adsorbent, particle size of adsorbent, contact time as also temperature on adsorption have been studied. Analysis of equilibrium data was done by using two number of two-parameter and six number of threeparameter isotherm models. Kinetic studies on adsorption were done using models like pseudo-first order and pseudosecond order. Webber-Morris and Dumwald-Wagner diffusion models helped to study diffusion. Determination and evaluation were also done for change in enthalpy (ΔH°), entropy (ΔS°), and Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) of adsorption system. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and determination of point of zero-charge were carried out for surface characterization of the adsorbent. We have used a two-level fractional factorial experimental design approach and subsequently analysis of variance to define a statistically developed model from which we obtained values of above parameters which yielded maximum possible adsorption as 93.00 mg/g. The investigations proved that nutraceutical industrial T. terrestris spent is both cost-effective and an efficient biosorbent for the remediation of AB113 dye from aqueous system and textile industrial effluent. Keywords Acid blue 113 • Adsorption studies • Isotherms • Nutraceutical industrial spent • Nutraceutical industrial Tribulus terrestris spent • Fractional factorial experimental design • ANOVA Abbreviations NIS Nutraceutical industrial spent NITTS Nutraceutical industrial Tribulus terrestris spent AB113 Acid blue 113 FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy SEM Scanning electron microscopy q t Adsorption capacity at time 't' (mg/g) SSE Sum of square errors χ 2 Chi squared test R 2 Correlation coefficient FFED Fractional factorial experimental design ΔG° Standard free energy ΔS° Entropy change ΔH° Enthalpy change
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