The basis of this paper is to address the use of probiotics as a novel approach to help treat the growing problem of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), particularly, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD). Most of the available data regarding probiotics and their usefulness in treating Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) was collected and analyzed. Studies showed the effectiveness of probiotics in treating and also preventing CDI, as well as other gastrointestinal conditions such as Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease. Probiotics also have, based on limited research, a comparatively minimal adverse effect profile and can aid in faster recovery from disease. Extensive research has been done on two organisms, Lactobacillus and Saccharomyces, but further research into other effective organisms are needed. More clinical trials also need to be conducted to better understand the side effect profile, optimal dosage, drug interactions, and long-term effects on gut microbiota.
BACKGROUND This prospective randomized double-blind study was designed to compare the analgesic efficacy and safety of intrathecal midazolam and fentanyl as an additive agent to bupivacaine for lower abdominal elective surgeries. METHODS Sixty patients classified in American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classes I and II scheduled for lower abdominal surgeries were studied. Patients were randomly divided to receive either 12.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 1mg midazolam (group BM, n=30) or 12.5 mg hyperbaric bupivacaine plus 25 μg fentanyl (group BF, n=30) intrathecal. RESULTS The time of onset and the duration of motor blockade were comparable among the groups while the time to sensory block regression was same in group BM and group BF. The duration of postoperative analgesia was similar in group BM and group BF. While it was same for group BM and BF. Symptoms of pruritus and vomiting was more in group BF. CONCLUSION We conclude that midazolam is as effective as fentanyl in prolonging the durations of both sensory block and analgesia with less side effects.
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