Certain patterns of stripes are judged to be unpleasant to look at. They induce illusions of colour, shape and motion that are sometimes perceived predominantly to one side of fixation. People who suffer frequent headaches tend to report more illusions, and if the pain consistently occurs on the same side of the head the illusions tend to be lateralized. The parameters of the patterns that induce illusions (including their shape, spatial frequency, duty cycle, contrast and cortical representation) closely resemble those that elicit epileptiform electroencephalographic abnormalities in patients with photosensitive epilepsy. The viewing conditions under which such abnormalities are likely to appear are also those under which more illusions are seen.

The Cognitive Reflection Test (CRT) is thought to correlate with measures of utilitarian moral judgment because it measures system-2 correction of an initial intuitive response. And some theories of moral judgment hold that the same thing often happens when people arrive a utilitarian judgments. We find, however, that CRT-type items (using logic as well as arithmetic) can work just as well when they do not have obvious intuitive answers at predicting utilitarian moral judgment, assessed with self-report questionnaires as well as with hypothetical scenarios, and also at predicting a measure of actively openminded thinking (AOT). Moreover, long response times, as well as high accuracy, also predict moral judgment and other outcomes. The CRT might thus be considered a test of reflection-impulsivity (RI). However, RI is only part of AOT, because RI is concerned only with the amount of thinking, not its direction. Tests of AOT also predict utilitarian moral judgments. Individual differences in AOT and moral judgments are both strongly (negatively) associated with belief that morality comes from God and cannot be understood through thought. The correlation of CRT and utilitarian judgment, when found, is thus likely due to the (imperfect) correlation of AOT and CRT. Intuition in these domains is thus not necessarily something that people overcome through additional thinking, but rather what they rely on when they do not think very much.

A case of pulmonary actinomycosis is described in a patient who presented with fever, weight loss, and a painful mass on his lower anterior left rib cage. Gram-stain and culture and sensitivity tests performed on the fluid drawn of the chest wall mass revealed Actinomyces israelii as the infecting organism. The patient was successfully treated with long-term penicillin therapy. A review of this rare bacterial disease is presented, emphasizing its treatment and its similarities and differences to other bacterial and fungal diseases.

Symptoms revealing a state of consciousness, attributable to incoördination of afferent impulses connected with the vestibular system—disturbances of muscle-sense—vestibular ocular tracks—vestibular-spinal tracks. Different Vertigo-Complexes.—Destructive lesions of labyrinth, or of vestibular tracks, partial or complete.—Heterogeneous stimulations of the paired intact vestibular-end organs.—The hypersensitive labyrinth.—Clinical manifestations of vertigo, associated with nausea, headache, visual disturbances, nystagmus, diplopia, staggering gait, vasomotor and cardiovascular symptoms, pallor, flushing, sweating, dyspnœa, fainting, vomiting and diarrhœa. Objective Examination.—The tympanic membrane.—Middle-ear track.—Upper air passages.—Hearing tests.—Oculomotor tests.—Labyrinthine reactions.—Postural, caloric, galvanic tests.—Differentiation between destructive and non-destructive disturbances of labyrinth.—Discrimination between peripheral and central lesions.—Vertigo associated with acute, non-perforative otitis media, with chronic otitis media, with labyrinthine fistula, with otosclerosis, post-suppurative adhesions; with peripheral nerve deafness, gun deafness; with rhinitis, ethmoiditis, sinusitis, nasal polypi, postnasal catarrh and dental infections.—Influence of general health on recurrent vertigo and vice versa.—Other factors. Syphilis, malaria, etc. Principles of Treatment.—Seek the cause, which, if peripheral, may be removed by operations on the ear, nose, throat, or even by extraction of dead teeth.—If central, by intracranial surgery, decompression, or by neuropathic medical treatment. Controversial Problems.—(1) Medicinal treatment: Iodide, bromides, atropine, quinine. (2) Attention to upper air-passages. (3) Fenestration of tympanic membrane. (4) Possible value of Küster's operation in certain cases. (5) Exploration of the saccus-endolymphaticus. (6) Fenestration of the external semicircular canal. (7) Indications for destroying the labyrinth.

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