Discussion on Vertigo

Scott, Sydney

doi:10.1177/003591572902200738

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…18). Spoendlin's observations (Spoendlin, 1967, 1969, 1972, 1979a, b, 1981) revealed that the Type I neurons had large, myelinated cell bodies and in adult animals only innervated the inner hair cells (Figs. 15, 16) while the Type II neurons possessed small, unmyelinated cell bodies and only innervated the outer hair cells (Figs.…”

Section: Anatomy Of the Membranous Labyrinthmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Heinrich Spoendlin (Spoendlin, 1967) studied the distribution of the afferent and efferent nerve fibers in the organ of Corti of the cat and observed that the bases of outer hair cells were innervated primarily by efferent nerve fibers and that the number of efferent terminals associated with each outer hair cell was greater in the basal turn than in the apex. Iurato et al (1978), Spoendlin (1979a), and Warr (1980) demonstrated by different approaches that the majority of efferent nerves that innervate the outer hair cells originate from large neurons in the contra‐lateral accessory olivary nucleus, whereas the efferent nerves that innervate the inner hair cells originate from small neurons in the homo‐lateral main superior olivary nucleus. Dunn and Morest already (Dunn and Morest, 1975) observed that the afferent fibers innervating the outer hair cells had a different function than the afferent nerves that innervate the inner hair cells.…”

Section: Biology Of the Membranous Labyrinthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Historical Aspects of Inner Ear Anatomy and Biology that Underlie the Design of Hearing and Balance Prosthetic Devices

Water

2012

The Anatomical Record

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This review presents some of the major historical events that advanced the body of knowledge of the anatomy of the inner ear and its sensory receptors as well as the biology of these receptors that underlies the sensory functions of hearing and balance. This knowledge base of the inner ear's structure/function has been an essential factor for the design and construction of prosthetic devices to aid patients with deficits in their senses of hearing and balance. Prosthetic devices are now available for severely hearing impaired and deaf patients to restore hearing and are known as cochlear implants and auditory brain stem implants. A prosthetic device for patients with balance disorders is being perfected and is in an animal model testing phase with another prosthetic device for controlling intractable dizziness in Meniere's patients currently being evaluated in clinical testing. None of this would have been possible without the pioneering studies and discoveries of the investigators mentioned in this review and with the work of many other talented investigators to numerous to be covered in this review.

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Section: Anatomy Of the Membranous Labyrinthmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Biology Of the Membranous Labyrinthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical Aspects of Inner Ear Anatomy and Biology that Underlie the Design of Hearing and Balance Prosthetic Devices

Water

2012

The Anatomical Record

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“…The original M6ni6re case, which I have taken the trouble to look up, came to autopsy, and a plastic lymph exudate was found, which Scott [3] has convinced himself was a serous meningitis due to acute infective labyrinthitis, where the drum had not perforated. Before M6ni6re had found that vertigo originated in the labyrinth itself, the symptom was always looked on as a forerunner of apoplexy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Asymmetry between the conditions of the two ears and the resulting heterogenous stimuli should never be lost sightlof. Scott [3] finds that lack of patency of the eustachian tubes and invagination of the tympana, unequal on the two sides, is a most fruitful cause. If both tubes are equally inefficient and both tympanic membranes equally depressed, one finds deafness but not vertigo.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Symptom of Vertigo

Jg¹

1934

Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine

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Definition.-What is vertigo ? The word itself implies rotation, and indeed the symptom has been well defined as "A sensory disturbance with hallucinations of rotation, either of the patient, of his surroundings, or of both." But as rotation is not always present, even in auditory vertigo, I prefer Russell Brain's definition: " The sensation of a disordered orientation of the body in space." For, as he observes," The common factor in these hallucinations is the abnormal feeling of spatial disorientation, no matter in what plane they occur." [1] The structures concerned and their function.-There exists in the midand hind-brain a whole system ofg anglia, linked up by the stem of the brain; that is to say the crura cerebri, the pons, and the cerebellar peduncles. In front are the optic thalamus, the corpora quadrigemina, and the geniculate bodies, flanked by the grey corpus striatum; behind is the cerebellum. In the brain-stem are the nuclei of the oculo-motor muscles, the facial, auditory and vestibular nuclei, and, closely adjacent to these, the nuclei of the bulb or medulla. This system of ganglia in the primitive midand hind-brain has been thrust back in man into unconsciousness, but there is a definite suzerainty of the dominant and conscious cerebrum above in the regulation of the body's position in space. All these ganglia and nuclei are en rapport in the most intimate manner; their interplay is easy and harmonious, and they all take part in the tone and position of the body, both static and kinetic. They are all in touch, in one way or another, with the ear, the eye, and the anterior cornua of the spinal cord. They have two sets of intermediaries between themselves and these outer structures-the red nuclei in front and the nuclei of Deiters behind.We are concerned chiefly with the posterior part of this system, the cerebellum and the nucleus of Deiters, and their afferent vestibultr influences.The cerebellum.-Co-ordination means the maintenance of muscular tone. This is essential for balance or equilibration, and, as Purves-Stewart reminds us, the cerebellum is essentially a co-ordinating centre for equilibration. "It receives its afferent impressions from the skin of those parts on which the body happens to be resting, from the muscles and joints concerned in maintaining our balance, from the muscles of the head and eyes, but, most important of all, from the semicircular canals" [2] via the nucleus of Deiters. It exercises its influence on the limbs of the same side, and that influence passes through the nucleus of Deiters.The nucleus of Deiters.-This receives afferent impulses from the ear and transmits them to the cerebellum. It receives from and transmits to the spinal cord, and further it has forward connexions with the oculo-motor nuclei, with the opposite nucleus of Deiters, and indeed with all adjacent nuclei. Far and away its most important connexion is the vestibular one, with impulses ascending from Scarpa's ganglion in the vestibular nerve-trunk; i.e. static impulses from the otolith, sending up m...

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Smoking, dietary factors and major age-related eye disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

Kai

Zhou

et al. 2022

Br J Ophthalmol

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BackgroundThere is accumulating evidence of the associations between age-related eye diseases (AREDs) and smoking or dietary factors. We aimed to provide an umbrella review of the published literature pertaining to smoking or dietary intake as risk factors for major AREDs including cataract, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy.MethodsWe searched for pertinent systematic reviews or meta-analyses in PubMed and Web of Science until 16 April 2022. We reperformed the meta-analysis of each association using random effects models. The heterogeneity and 95% prediction interval were calculated. The presence of small-study effect or excess significance bias was also assessed.ResultsIn total, 64 associations from 25 meta-analyses and 41 associations from 10 qualitative systematic reviews were evaluated. There was convincing (class I) evidence for only one association, namely current smoking and cataract. Two factors had highly suggestive (class II) evidence, namely ever smoking associated with cataract and fish consumption associated with AMD. We also found suggestive (class III) evidence for associations between the dietary intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, lutein, zeaxanthin, vitamin C and the risk of cataract.ConclusionsSmoking as a risk factor for cataract was the most robust association we identified. We also identified several dietary elements associated with AREDs. Large prospective studies are warranted to further examine the associations discussed in this review.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022339082.

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Discussion on Vertigo

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Historical Aspects of Inner Ear Anatomy and Biology that Underlie the Design of Hearing and Balance Prosthetic Devices

Historical Aspects of Inner Ear Anatomy and Biology that Underlie the Design of Hearing and Balance Prosthetic Devices

The Symptom of Vertigo

Smoking, dietary factors and major age-related eye disorders: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses

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