Objective This work aimed to analyze parental burnout (PB) and establish a comparison between the times before (Wave 1) and during (Wave 2) the COVID‐19 pandemic. Background The COVID‐19 pandemic brought additional stress to families. The pandemic could be particularly difficult for parents experiencing parental burnout, a condition that involves four dimensions: an overwhelming sense of exhaustion, emotional distancing from the child, saturation or a loss of fulfillment with the parental role, and a sharp contrast between how parents used to be and how they see themselves now. Method A quasi‐longitudinal research design was adopted, comparing two cross‐sectional studies among Portuguese parents (N = 995), with an interval of 2 years between each wave of data collection. Participants were surveyed voluntarily through an online questionnaire located on the institutional web platform of the universities involved in the study. Multivariate analysis of covariance was used to take into account the associations among variables, alongside controlling the possible confounding effects. Results Parents have overall higher parental burnout scores in Wave 2 than Wave 1, with increased exhaustion, emotional distancing, and contrast, but decreased saturation. Although parental burnout levels remain higher for mothers across the two Waves, the growth is greater for fathers than for mothers. Conclusion Reconciling childcare with paid work is a stressful and new experience for many fathers. However, results suggest that even amid a crisis, some parents had the opportunity to deeply bond with their children. Implications We expect this work to encourage stakeholders to consider proper intervention strategies to address potential parental burnout. Also, initiatives that strengthen gender equity within parenting context are needed.

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Abstract:There is no consensus in the literature regarding the influence of family configuration on the psychological well-being of adolescents. Based on the perception of adolescents, this study evaluates the influence of family configuration, social skills and social support appraisals as potential predictors of adolescent psychological well-being. The participants were 454 adolescents aged between 13 and 17 years from nuclear, separated and remarried families. The adolescents were students in the first and second years of public high school. The data were collectively obtained in the classroom using the Social Skills Inventory for Adolescents, the Social Support Appraisal Scale and the Psychological Well-being Scale. The results indicated that family configuration is not associated with the psychological well-being of adolescents. The social skills of empathy, self-control, civility, social resourcefulness and affective approach as well as the social support appraisals from friends and family were the best predictors of adolescent psychological well-being. The implications of the results are discussed with respect to future research and interventions.Keywords: social skills, social perception, subjective well-being, adolescence Habilidades Sociais, Apoio Social e Bem-Estar de Adolescentes de Diferentes Configurações FamiliaresResumo: Não existe consenso na literatura quanto às influências da configuração familiar no bem-estar psicológico de adolescentes. A partir da percepção de adolescentes, este estudo avaliou a influência da configuração familiar, habilidades sociais e percepção de apoio social como possíveis variáveis preditoras do seu bem-estar psicológico. Participaram 454 adolescentes, na faixa etária entre 13 e 17 anos, de famílias nucleares, monoparentais e recasadas que frequentavam o Ensino Médio. Os participantes responderam coletivamente, em sala de aula, ao Inventário de Habilidades Sociais para Adolescentes, à Escala de Percepção de Apoio Social e à Escala de Bem-estar Psicológico. Os resultados indicaram que a configuração familiar não está associada ao bem-estar psicológico dos adolescentes. As habilidades sociais de empatia, autocontrole, civilidade, desenvoltura social e abordagem afetiva e a percepção de apoio dos amigos e da família foram os melhores preditores do bemestar psicológico dos adolescentes. Discute-se as implicações dos resultados para novas pesquisas e intervenções.Palavras-chave: habilidades sociais, percepção social, bem-estar subjetivo, adolescência Habilidades Sociales, Apoyo Social y Bienestar de Adolescentes de Diferentes Configuraciones FamiliaresResumen: No hay consenso en la literatura sobre la influencia de la configuración familiar en el bienestar psicológico de los adolescentes. Con base en la percepción de los adolescentes, este estudio evalúa la influencia de la configuración familiar, habilidades sociales y apoyo social percibido como posibles predictivos de su bienestar psicológico. Participaron en el estudio 454 adolescentes de edades comprendidas entre 13 y ...

In a familistic southern European society such as the Portuguese, the family has historically played a prominent role in supporting the negotiation of transition pathways into adulthood. The present study aimed at capturing (1) the relative weight of parental financial support and autonomy support in contributing to the youngsters' psychological well‐being (PWB), and (2) the mediating role of identity capital and uncertainty management in this relationship. A total of 620 participants completed measures of parental support, identity capital, uncertainty management and PWB. Autonomy support was found to be the strongest predictor of PWB, both directly and indirectly through its effects on identity capital and the use of target focused uncertainty management strategies. Conversely, financial support evidenced only a minor indirect impact through the mediation of tangible identity capital. Autonomy stimulation may constitute one of the most developmentally determinant family challenges in assisting the process of coming of age in Portugal.

Objective: Many studies point to the negative impact of discrimination on the psychological and social functioning of ethnic minority persons. The realization of these studies across multiple European countries enables a systematization of this knowledge, which is our goal in the present work. Method: This study presents a meta-analysis of the correlates of perceived ethnic discrimination among minorities living in European countries. Results: The analyses of 121 effect sizes reveal that discrimination is positively associated with symptoms of psychiatric disturbances, depression, psychosis, perceived stress, and externalizing behavior. Discrimination is also negatively associated with the self-esteem, positive evaluation of life, self-efficacy/mastery, well-being, and psychological adaptation of migrants. The results show that the strength of these significant relationships is, in some cases, moderated by persons' gender, age and ethnicity and countries' multicultural approach and rating in the Migrant Integration Policies Index (MIPEX), namely in regards to labor market mobility, permanent residence, and anti-discrimination policies. Conclusions: The detrimental effect of discrimination on many psychosocial dimensions emphasizes the need for governmental agencies to develop systemic and concrete interventions to decrease ethnic prejudice in Europe. Moreover, the results show that fostering multiculturalism, implementing broad anti-discrimination policies and enabling labor market mobility has a protective function in the face of discrimination as fundamental ways to promote the psychological adjustment of ethnic minority persons.

This study investigated the characteristics of students who report extremely high levels of hope. A sample of 682 students (ages 11–17) completed measures of hope, school engagement, life satisfaction, self‐worth, and mental health. Academic achievement was obtained from students’ school records. Based on their hope scores, students were divided into three groups: “extremely low” (bottom 10% of the distribution), “average” (middle 25%), and “extremely high” (upper 10%). Results indicate that students in the extremely high hope (EHH) group differed from students with average (AH) and extremely low hope (ELH) on all measures. Further, EHH and AH are associated with mental health benefits that are not found among students reporting comparatively ELH levels. Taken together, the findings support the notion that EHH in students is associated with adaptive psychological and school‐related functioning. Overall, given the superior adjustment profile, perhaps ‘‘enough hope’’ should be defined as “EHH.”

ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi a adaptação da Escala de Discriminação Quotidiana para a população jovem portuguesa. Após tradução, ajustes semânticos aos itens, inclusão de dois itens para aumento da validade de constructo e a aferição da validade facial, os itens da escala foram respondidos por 2996 jovens estudantes do ensino secundário em Portugal. A Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) revelou uma estrutura de dois fatores -Tratamento Injusto e Rejeição Pessoal -com quatro itens cada (sete itens da escala original e um formulado neste estudo). A Análise Fatorial Confi rmatória (AFC) validou um modelo hierárquico, em que os dois fatores observados na AFE estão subordinados a um fator latente de segunda ordem, a Percepção de Discriminação. A escala permite diferenciar a discriminação percepcionada por grupos alvo de preconceito social, observando-se diferenças signifi cativas nos valores reportados entre pessoas negras e brancas e entre jovens lésbicas, gays, bissexuais e participantes heterossexuais. O instrumento explica parcialmente variações ao nível de saúde mental, observando-se uma correlação negativa moderada entre a discriminação percepcionada e a saúde mental. Os resultados sugerem que a versão adaptada da escala apresenta validade de constructo, sendo bastante apropriada para avaliar e comparar a percepção de discriminação de jovens. Palavras-chave: Validação, análise fatorial confi rmatória, discriminação. AbstractThe aim of this study was the adaptation of the Everyday Discrimination Scale to Portuguese youth. Scale items were subject to translation and adaptation, and two items were incorporated into the scale to increase construct validity. After establishing face validity, data from 2996 high school students were subject to Exploratory Factorial Analysis (EFA) and Confi rmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The EFA results portrayed a two-factor solution -Unfair Treatment and Personal Rejection -with four items each (seven items of the original scale and one prepared to this study). The CFA validated a hierarchical model in which the two factors observed in the EFA are subordinated to a second order latent factor, the Perception of Discrimination. The instrument was able to distinguish the perceptions of discrimination felt by prejudiced groups, since signifi cant differences were observed between black and white participants, and between lesbian, gay and bisexual participants and their heterosexual counterparts. The instrument partially explains variations in mental health levels, given the observation of a negative correlation between perceived discrimination and mental health. The study concludes that this adapted version of the scale is a proper resource to the measurement and comparison of the perceptions of discrimination felt by the young.

Given the mental health disparities among LGB and heterosexual youth, literature has increasingly emphasized the need to identify the mechanisms that promote resilience among sexual minorities. This systematic review sought to answer the question: what are the protection mechanisms against homophobia among LGB youth? Of the 147 references located in the search, 13 studies were analyzed. The identified protection mechanisms were organized by two criteria: specific to sexual orientation or general, and considered to be at the personal, relational and contextual level. Most of the mechanisms revealed to solely promote the positive adjustment in the presence of risk. General protective mechanisms frequently revealed to be more compensatory of the risks than those specific to sexual orientation.Keywords: resilience (psychology), homophobia, bullying, sexual orientation, victimization Resiliência em Jovens LGB: Uma Revisão Sistemática de Mecanismos de ProteçãoResumo: Considerando as disparidades observadas em diversos indicadores de ajustamento entre jovens lésbicas, gay e bissexuais (LGB) e jovens heterossexuais, revelou-se importante identificar os mecanismos que promovem a resiliência das minorias sexuais. Por meio de uma revisão sistemática, procurou-se responder à questão: quais são os mecanismos de proteção perante a homofobia junto dos jovens LGB? Das 147 referências localizadas na pesquisa sistemática, 13 estudos foram analisados. Os mecanismos de proteção identificados foram organizados de acordo com dois critérios: especificidade (serem gerais ou específicos à orientação sexual) e nível (pessoais, relacionais ou contextuais). Os resultados demonstram que a maioria destes mecanismos são unicamente promotores do ajustamento positivo na presença do risco. Os mecanismos gerais revelaram-se mais frequentemente compensatórios dos riscos do que os específicos. Palavras-chave: resiliência (psicologia), homofobia, bullying, orientação sexual, vitimização Resiliencia en los Jóvenes LGB: Una Revisión Sistemática de los Mecanismos de ProtecciónResumen: Considerando las disparidades observadas en varios indicadores de ajuste entre jóvenes gais, lesbianas y bisexuales y jóvenes heterosexuales, ha sido enfatizada en la literatura la necesidad de identificar los mecanismos que promueven la resiliencia entre las minorías sexuales. Esta revisión sistemática trató de responder la pregunta: ¿cuáles son los mecanismos de protección contra la homofobia entre los jóvenes LGB? De las 147 referencias localizadas en la búsqueda sistemática, 13 estudios fueron analizados. Los mecanismos de protección identificados fueron ordenados según dos criterios: específicos a la orientación sexual o generales, y considerando su nivel de expresión: personales, relacionales o contextuales. Los resultados demuestran que la mayoría de estos mecanismos son exclusivamente promotores del ajuste positivo en la presencia del riesgo. Los mecanismos de protección generales se revelan más a menudo compensatorios de los riesgos que los específicos....