Lithium transition metal phosphates have become of great interest as storage cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries because of their high energy density, low raw materials cost, environmental friendliness and safety. Their key limitation has been extremely low electronic conductivity, until now believed to be intrinsic to this family of compounds. Here we show that controlled cation non-stoichiometry combined with solid-solution doping by metals supervalent to Li+ increases the electronic conductivity of LiFePO4 by a factor of approximately 10(8). The resulting materials show near-theoretical energy density at low charge/discharge rates, and retain significant capacity with little polarization at rates as high as 6,000 mA x g(-1). In a conventional cell design, they may allow development of lithium batteries with the highest power density yet.

Because of their extraordinary electronic and mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes have great potential as materials for applications ranging from molecular electronics to ultrasensitive biosensors. Biological molecules interacting with carbon nanotubes provide them with specific chemical handles that would make several of these applications possible. Here we use phage display to identify peptides with selective affinity for carbon nanotubes. Binding specificity has been confirmed by demonstrating direct attachment of nanotubes to phage and free peptides immobilized on microspheres. Consensus binding sequences show a motif rich in histidine and tryptophan, at specific locations. Our analysis of peptide conformations shows that the binding sequence is flexible and folds into a structure matching the geometry of carbon nanotubes. The hydrophobic structure of the peptide chains suggests that they act as symmetric detergents.

The discovery of a giant dielectric constant of 10(5) in CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12) has increased interest in this perovskite-type oxide. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to high permittivity, CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12) has remarkably strong nonlinear current-voltage characteristics without the addition of any dopants. An intrinsic electrostatic barrier at the grain boundaries is responsible for the unusual nonlinear behaviour. The nonlinear coefficient of CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12) reaches a value of 900, which is even greater than that of the varistor material ZnO. As a result, CaCu(3)Ti(4)O(12) may lead to efficient switching and gas-sensing devices.

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We provide general descriptions regarding the structure–stability correlations of iridium-based complex-oxide catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in acid media.

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