Diarrhea is still a public health problem, especially in developing countries. Diarrhea causes morbidity and high mortality in children. Diarrhea can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites and food poisoning. One of the parasite that can cause diarrhea is intestinal protozoa. Lately, attention to intestinal opportunistic protozoan infections is increasing. Opportunistic intestinal protozoa infection is an infection by intestinal protozoa that had not considered important and now can cause disease in humans. Cryptosporidium sp, Cyclospora cayetanensis, Isospora belii and Blastocystis hominis are opportunistic intestinal protozoa. The clinical manifestations of the infection depends on the immune status of patients, ranging from asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals to chronic diarrhea not cured and fatal in patients imunokompromis. This study aims to detect opportunistic intestinal protozoa in children with diarrhea patients in health centers Inpatient Pekanbaru used modified acid fast stain procedure. A total of 76 samples tested positive obtained 22.3% of opportunistic intestinal protozoa found that 9.2% were infected with Cryptosporidium sp, Cyclospora infection were 2.6% and Blastocystis hominis 10.5%, while Isospora not found.

Background and Objectives: Inflammation in the intestine causes diarrhea due to an increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6. These are triggered by the exposure of E. coli-LPS to epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa as well as low concentration of zinc in plasma such as in infants or children who are experiencing diarrhea. This paper aims to determine the effects of zinc supplementation on pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6) in mice with E. coli-LPS-induced diarrhea. Materials and Methods: This study used a controlled trial experimental design in the laboratory. A sample size of 20 mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) Control group was given standard foods, 2) Trial group was given E. coli-LPS 2.5 mg/kg/oral once on day1, 3) Prevention group was given E. coli-LPS + 30 mg/kg/oral of zinc once daily for 12 days, 4) Therapeutic group was given E. coli-LPS, and were then given 30 mg/kg/oral of zinc once daily for 12 days if diarrhea occurred. Blood samples of mice were taken through the orbital sinus on the 0, 5th, 10th hour, and on the 4th, 8th and 12th days. Results: Positive effects of zinc supplementation on levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were observed, in which the higher levels of zinc were present, the lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α were observed. However, there was an increase of IL-1 and IL-6 levels on the 8th day in the prevention and therapeutic groups. Conclusion: Oral zinc supplementation had a significant positive effect on the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Where there were higher levels of zinc, lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α were present.

Abstrak Kemoterapi diyakini efektif dalam menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker. Namun demikian kemoterapi juga menimbulkan efek samping bagi penderita kanker, salah satunya yaitu gangguan pemenuhan kebutuhan tidur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang gambaran kualitas tidur anak usia sekolah yang sedang menjalani kemoterapi di rumah sakit kanker. Penelitian menggunakan metode potong-lintang dengan melibatkan 40 responden yang diambil dengan teknik total sampling. Responden mengisi kuesioner berupa data demografi dan kuesioner Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Analisa data menggunakan uji univariat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rerata skor PSQI adalah 7 dari maksimal 21 (95% CI, 6,24-7,76) yang berarti responden memiliki kualitas tidur buruk. Tenaga kesehatan (khususnya perawat) diharapkan dapat melakukan monitoring untuk evaluasi pemenuhan kebutuhan tidur anak kanker. Kata kunci: anak usia sekolah, kanker, kemoterapi, kualitas tidur Abstract Quality of Sleep of School Age Children are Undergoing Chemotheraphy in Cancer Hospital Chemotherapy is believed to be effective in inhibiting cancer cell's growth. However, this therapy has side effects for cancer patients, one of them is sleeping needs disturbance. This study aims to get information about the status of sleep quality in school-age children whom are undergoing chemotherapy at cancer hospital, Jakarta. This study used cross sectional design with 40 participants using total sampling technique. Participants filled the questionnaire consisting of demographic data and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). This study was analyzed using univariate test. The result showed that participants have quality sleep index with average score 7 from total 21 (95% CI, 6,24-7,76). It's indicated that participants have poor sleep quality. Health providers (especially nurses) are expected to conduct monitoring to evaluate sleep quality in children with cancer.

Latar belakang. Escherichia coli (E. coli) penyebab kedua terbanyak diare setelah rotavirus. Diare E. coli sering disertai dengan dehidrasi yang berhubungan dengan morbiditas dan mortalitas anak. Tujuan. Mengetahui peran jumlah koloni E. coli terhadap beratnya derajat dehidrasi diare akut. Metode. Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di RSUP Manado. Subyek umur 7 bulan-13 tahun dengan diare akut, dinilai derajat dehidrasi, dilakukan kultur tinja dan hitung jumlah koloni. Perbandingan jumlah koloni dan derajat dehidrasi dilakukan uji korelasi Gamma (p<0,05). Hasil. Terdapat 50% Escherichia coli dari 50 anak diare akut. Dehidrasi berat (2/25 anak), dehidrasi ringan sedang (13/25 anak) jumlah koloni >10 5 CFU dan tanpa dehidrasi (10/25 anak) jumlah koloni <10 5 CFU. Analisis korelasi Gamma menyatakan hubungan bermakna jumlah koloni dengan derajat dehidrasi (r G =0,870, nilai p=0,008). Kesimpulan. Jumlah koloni Escherichia coli berperan terhadap derajat dehidrasi diare akut. Sari Pediatri 2017;19(2):81-5 Kata kunci: diare akut, koloni Escherichia coli, derajat dehidrasi Background. Escherichia coli is the second most common cause of diarrhea after rotavirus. Escherichia coli diarrhea is often accompanied by dehydration associated with morbidity and mortality of children. Objective. Knowing the role of the number of colonies of Escherichia coli with the grade of dehydration from acute diarrhea. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the hospital in Manado. Subjects aged 7 months-13 years with acute diarrhea were assessed the grade of dehydration, stool cultures taken and count the number of colonies. The number of colonies and the grade of dehydration was compared with Gamma correlation test (p <0.05). Results. There were 50% Escherichia coli in 50 children with acute diarrhea. Severe dehydration (2/25 children), mild to moderate dehydration (13/25 children) with colonies count >10 5 CFU and without dehydration (10/25 children) with colonies count <10 5 CFU. Analysis Gamma correlation revealed that the number of colonies was related significantly with the grade of dehydration (rg = 0.870, p=0.008). Conclusions. The number of Escherichia coli colonies contribute to the grade of dehydration from acute diarrhea. Sari Pediatri 2017;19(2):81-5

Latar belakang. Difteri merupakan penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Komplikasi terberat penyakit ini yaitu terjadinya miokarditis yang dapat mengakibatkan kematian.Tujuan. Mengetahui hubungan antara karakteristik klinis dan laboratoris terhadap kejadian miokarditis difteri pada anak di RSUDZA Banda Aceh.Metode. Jenis penelitian ini adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional yang menggunakan data rekam medik pasien difteri periode Januari 2017 hingga Desember 2019. Sampel 101 pasien difteri dengan metode purposive sampling. Analisis data menggunakan univariat dan bivariat dengan Chi-square test. Hasil. Berdasarkan hasil analisis bivariat antara karakteristik klinis dengan terjadinya miokarditis difteri didapatkan hasil (CI=95%; p<0,05) untuk stridor dan (CI=95%; p>0,05) untuk variabel letak membran, demam, nyeri tenggorokan, suara parau, bull neck dan derajat difteri. Analisis antara karakteristik laboratoris (leukosit, Troponin I, CK-MB, SGOT dan SGPT) dengan terjadinya miokarditis difteri didapatkan hasil (CI = 95%; p >0,05)Kesimpulan. Terdapat hubungan antara variabel karakteristik klinis, yaitu stridor dengan terjadinya miokarditis difteri. Sementara variabel lain, seperti letak membran, demam, nyeri tenggorokan, suara parau, bull neck dan derajat difteri tidak ada hubungan dengan terjadinya miokarditis difteri. Tidak ada hubungan antara variabel karakteristik laboratoris (leukosit, Troponin I, CK-MB, SGOT dan SGPT) dengan terjadinya miokarditis difteri pada anak di RSUDZA Banda Aceh.