Background:Hypocalcemia is one of the most common acceptable complications in postoperative period after thyroidectomy. Hypomagnesemia has been recognized after parathyroid surgery, and it has not been studied extensively after thyroidectomy. The aim of this study was to estimate magnesium and calcium ion levels in patients undergoing thyroidectomy and to evaluate the association of hypomagnesemia with hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy. A prospective study was conducted in Government Medical College, Calicut, from December 2012 to November 2013.Materials and Methods:all patients had undergone total/near-total/subtotal thyroidectomy. Pre- and postoperative at 24 h and serum calcium and magnesium were measured by automate electrolyte analyzer. Clinical findings of hypocalcemia were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software, version 17.0. Unpaired student t-test was used. Pearson Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used to compare the percentage for categorical variables.Results:In our study, 58% of the patients developed hypocalcemia, biochemical and/or symptomatic (S. Ca <8.5). About 34% of patients developed hypomagnesemia, biochemical and/or symptomatic (S. Mg <1.7). About 30% of patients developed both hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. About 24% of patients developed symptoms of both hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia.Discussion:Thyroidectomy patients were at a risk of transient and permanent hypoparathyroidism because of chances of parathyroid resection during operation. Transient hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia occur frequently after total thyroidectomy. It is important to monitor both calcium and magnesium levels after total thyroidectomy and to correct deficiencies to facilitate prompt resolution of symptoms.Conclusion:There is an association of hypomagnesemia with hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy.

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most frequent endocrine disorder seen in pre-menopausal women, affecting 5-10% of this population. It is characterized by menstrual irregularities and clinical hyperandrogenism such as hirsutism, seborrhoea and acne. PCOS women have insulin resistance, which results in compensatory hyperinsulinemia. A number of findings suggest that hyperinsulinemia may play a central role in the development of hyperandrogenism. This study is under taken to measure insulin resistance and leutenising hormone (LH) in PCOS patients and to see the relationship of insulin resistance with leutenising hormone (LH).Methods: Case control study was done taking 60 women PCOS and 60 age matched healthy women as controls. In all the subjects, concentrations of fasting plasma glucose estimated using enzymatic methods in semiautoanalyser. Fasting serum insulin and leutenising hormone (LH) measured by CLIA using Lumax-CLIA microplate reader. HOMA IR was calculated from estimated parameters.Results: The concentration of fasting serum insulin,fasting plasma glucose,HOMA –IR and leutenising hormone(LH) in controls are 9.33±3.08 µIU/ml,94.38±10.36mg/dl,12.16±0.67and 4.67±1.94 mIU/ml respectively; in PCOS cases they are 24.50±10.03µIU/ml,114.20±30.38 mg/dl,7.29±4.08 and 15.75±7.51 mIU/ml respectively. The mean concentrations of all the parameters were significantly (p value<0.05) increased in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome when compared with healthy women.Conclusions: This study shows that 75% of pcos women were insulin resistant and HOMA IR shows a positive correlation (r value 0.48, p<0.05) with serum leutenising hormone(LH).

The liver is fundamental in metabolizing thyroid hormones, and hepatocytes are often affected in thyroid disease. Thyroid disorders often accompany abnormal serum enzyme levels and disturbances in liver functions. These thyroid-liver associations may cause diagnostic confusions. Neglect of these facts may result in over or under diagnosis of associated liver or thyroid diseases and thereby cause errors in patient care. Aim of the present study was to determine the biochemical markers of liver function test Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in patients with hypothyroidism and to find their possible correlation with thyroid profile. Material and Methods: The study included 50 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH 6.0-9.9miu/l), 50 patients with overt hypothyroidism (TSH ≥10.0 miu/l) and 50 age matched normal euthyroid controls. In all study groups FT3, FT4, TSH, AST ALT and ALP were estimated. Thyroid profile and LFT were estimated using fully autoanalyser. p value <0.05 considered as significant. Results: Subjects with both subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism had significantly raised serum AST, ALT and ALP (p<0.0001) compared to controls. Further, TSH showed significant positive correlation with AST, ALT and ALP (P<0.001) in both subclinical and overt hypothyroidism, Conclusion: Hypothyroid patients should be regularly checked for biochemical parameters of LFT. As early detection and treatment can prevent the further complications related to the disorder and will be helpful during the management of hypothyroid patients.

No abstract

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes in India according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), Diabetes Atlas 2015 is reported to be 8.7%. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder, which results from body’s insensitivity to insulin and affects humankind at an alarming pose. Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) is an important biomarker in assessing glucose level serologically. If HbA1c level is <7% the diabetes is said to be in controlled conditions. Vitamin A and E plays pivotal role as antioxidants in order to control oxidative stress which is an important contributing factor in diabetes mellitus by neutralising free radicals generated. Aim: To assess the antioxidants vitamin A and vitamin E levels in controlled and uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients and also to correlate the vitamin A and E levels with HbA1C in controlled and uncontrolled T2DM patients. Materials and Methods: The present case-control study was conducted for 12 months from January 2019 to December 2019 in the Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Belagavi, Karnataka, India. The blood samples were collected from KLE’S Dr. Prabhakar Kore Hospital and Medical Research Center, Belagavi, Karnataka, India. A total of 110 subjects were divided into two group’s controlled Group 1 (55) and uncontrolled Group 2 diabetes (55) on the basis of HbA1c levels. Vitamin A and E levels were assessed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method. HbA1c was estimated by using Bio-Rad D-10 HbA1c program. The data was assessed using Chi-square test, Independent t-test, and Karl-Pearson corelation test. Results: There were a total of 29 males and 26 females in controlled T2DM group and a total of 34 males and 21 females in uncontrolled T2DM group. The mean ages in controlled and uncontrolled T2DM subjects were 57.11±8.82 years and 54.22±7.93 years respectively. The HbA1c (%), vitamin E and vitamin A in controlled T2DM subjects were 6.01±0.56 years, 1.01±0.43 years and 21.66±7.94 years respectively. The HbA1c (%), vitamin E and vitamin A in uncontrolled T2DM subjects were 9.31±0.25 years, 0.58±0.29 years and 14.66±5.36 years respectively. Corelation of vitamin A and E with HbA1c was found to be non significant statistically. Conclusion: Vitamin A and E levels were comparatively higher in controlled diabetes patients in comparison to uncontrolled T2DM patients.