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Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em sementes de café submetidas à secagem rápida, em sílica gel, e à secagem lenta, em soluções salinas saturadas. As sementes foram secas até que atingissem os seguintes teores de água: 40, 30, 20, 15, 10 e 5% (base úmida). Após a secagem, uma parte das sementes foi imediatamente avaliada quanto ao desempenho fisiológico e ao perfil de enzimas do processo oxidativo, e outra parte foi avaliada após armazenagem em condição hermética, em câmara fria e seca, por quatro meses. A velocidade de secagem e o teor final de água tiveram efeito significativo sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Após a secagem rápida em sílica gel, as sementes toleraram teores finais de água mais baixos. No entanto, após a secagem lenta, as sementes com teores finais de água mais elevados apresentaram maior qualidade. O período de armazenamento não afetou a germinação, mas prejudicou o vigor das sementes. A secagem rápida apresenta maior potencial de dano ao endosperma do que aos embriões. O perfil enzimático das sementes de café é afetado pelo teor final de água e pela velocidade de secagem.Termos para indexação: Coffea arabica, armazenagem, perfil enzimático, qualidade fisiológica, tolerância à dessecação, velocidade de secagem. Physiological and biochemical changes in coffee seed dried in silica gel and saturated saline solutionsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes in coffee seed subjected to rapid drying, in silica gel, or to slow drying in saturated saline solutions. Seeds were dried until they reached the following water contents: 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, and 5% (wet basis). After drying, part of the seeds was immediately evaluated as to their physiological performance and enzymatic profile of the oxidative process, and another part was evaluated after storage, under hermetic conditions, in freeze-drying chamber, for four months. Drying rate and final moisture content had significant effect on seed physiological quality. After rapid drying, in silica gel, seeds tolerated lower final moisture levels. However, after slow drying, seeds with greater water levels showed higher quality. The storage period did not affect germination, but it reduced coffee seed vigor. Rapid drying shows greater damage potential to the endosperm than to the embryos. The enzymatic profile of coffee seed is affected by the final moisture level and the drying rate.Index terms: Coffea arabica, storage, enzymatic profile, physiological quality, desiccation tolerance, drying rate. IntroduçãoAs sementes recalcitrantes, diferentemente das ortodoxas, não toleram dessecação nem baixas temperaturas (Roberts, 1973). Sementes de café (Coffea arabica L.) não toleram baixas temperaturas e nem secagem abaixo de 10% de umidade e são consideradas como de comportamento intermediário (Ellis et al., 1990). Portanto, entre os vários fatores que influenciam a qualidade das sementes de café, o grau de umidade e as condições de secagem e de arm...

-Cryopreservation is a viable option for conservation of coffee germplasm. However, for this technique to be completely successful, it is of fundamental importance to carry out studies that ensure maintenance of cell integrity before and after immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN). Therefore, the aim in this study was to investigate the water content, cooling rate, and final temperature most suitable for cryopreservation of Coffea arabica L. seeds. The seeds were dried by silica gel to water contents of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 and 40 % wb, subjected to slow cooling treatments at speeds of -1, -3 and -5 °C min.-1 to final temperatures of -40, -50 and -60 °C and then directly immersed in LN. After storage, seeds were rewarmed at 40 °C for two minutes. The survival rate and viability of the seeds and embryos were evaluated by the tetrazolium and germination tests.Results of the tetrazolium test indicate that embryos excised from cryopreserved seeds are less sensitive to cryopreservation than whole seeds are. The water content of 20% wb and the use of zygotic embryos led to the highest survival rate of the coffee seeds, depending on the cooling rate and the final temperature of precooling.Index terms: silica gel, water content, slow cooling, liquid nitrogen, coffee.Estudos exploratórios para a criopreservação de sementes de Coffea arabica L.RESUMO -A criopreservação é uma opção viável para a conservação de germoplasma de café. Entretanto, para que essa técnica apresente total sucesso é de fundamental importância realizar pesquisas que garantam a manutenção da integridade celular antes e após a imersão em NL. Portanto, o objetivo neste estudo foi investigar o teor de água, velocidade e temperatura final de resfriamento mais adequados para criopreservar sementes de Coffea arabica L. As sementes foram secadas em sílica gel até teores de água de 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 e 40% bu, submetidas a tratamentos de resfriamento lento nas velocidades -1, -3 e -5 ºC min -1 até às temperaturas finais de -40, -50 e -60 ºC e diretamente imersas em NL. Após armazenamento as sementes foram reaquecidas por dois minutos à 40 ºC. A sobrevivência e a viabilidade de sementes e embriões foram avaliadas por meio do teste de tetrazólio e de germinação. Por meio do teste de tetrazólio, observa-se que embriões excisados das sementes criopreservadas são menos sensíveis à criopreservação quando comparados às sementes inteiras. O teor de água de 20% bu permite maior sobrevivência das sementes de Coffea arabica L., bem como de embriões zigóticos após a criopreservação, dependendo das velocidades e temperaturas finais de pré-resfriamento.Termos para indexação: sílica gel, teor de água, resfriamento lento, nitrogênio líquido, café.

RESUMO Palavras-chave: Nicotiana tabacum L., germinação, emergência. ABSTRACTThe pelletizing process may affect the quality of seeds during sowing. In order to evaluate the effect of this process on seed quality it was used seeds from three tobacco cultivars, 'CSC 467' and 'CSC 07' collected

-The present study aimed to evaluate effects of different storage conditions on the castor bean seed cultivar IAC-226 quality, stored for 12 months. For this purpose, seeds were stored in different environment and packaging conditions: in a cold chamber and conventional storage, using multiwall Kraft paper and in no vacuum and vacuum plastic packages at 1 atm; as well as under cryopreservation storage (-196 °C). Seed quality was evaluated before and after 4, 8 and 12 months of storage by germination tests, first count of germination, emergence percentage, emergence speed index and determination of changes in catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme systems. Cryopreservation (-196 °C) is efficient in maintaining the physiological quality of castor bean cultivar IAC-226 for 12 months. The enzyme catalase stands out as a marker of castor seed deterioration during storage.Index terms: Ricinus communis L. storage, cryopreservation, vacuum.Aspectos bioquímicos e fisiológicos da deterioração de sementes de mamona armazenadas em diferentes embalagens e temperaturas RESUMO -Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes condições de armazenamento sobre a qualidade de sementes de mamona cultivar IAC-226, armazenadas por um período de 12 meses. Para isso, as sementes foram armazenadas em diferentes ambientes e tipos de embalagens: em câmara fria e armazém convencional, utilizando embalagens papel Kraft multifoliado e plástico com e sem acondicionamento a vácuo a 1 atm; e também armazenamento sob criopreservação (-196 °C). A qualidade das sementes foi avaliada antes e após 4, 8 e 12 meses de armazenamento pelos testes de geminação, primeira contagem de germinação, porcentagem de emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência e pela determinação das alterações nos sistemas enzimáticos catalase (CAT) e superóxido dismutase (SOD). A criopreservação (-196 °C) é eficiente na manutenção da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de mamona cultivar IAC-226 por 12 meses. A enzima catalase se destaca como um marcador da deterioração de sementes de mamona durante o armazenamento.Termos para indexação: Ricinus communis L., isoenzimas, criopreservação, armazenamento.1

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Coffee seeds are sensitive to desiccation and to storage. Advances in the technique of cryopreservation of these seeds have been achieved in recent years, and the aim of this study was to evaluate Coffea arabica seeds cryopreserved through direct immersion in liquid nitrogen after rapid and slow drying. Seeds of the cultivars 'Arara', 'Catiguá', 'Catuaí Amarelo' and 'Mundo Novo' underwent rapid and slow drying to 20% moisture content (dry basis); they were then immersed in liquid nitrogen for 24 hours and after that, reheated in a water bath. C. arabica seeds have better physiological quality after slow drying, but rapid drying is better for cryopreservation of these seeds. The seeds of the cultivars investigated have different levels of tolerance, but all can be cryopreserved; 'Catuaí Amarelo' is the most tolerant and 'Arara' the most sensitive to cryopreservation, regardless of the drying speed. The activity of the enzymes catalase, peroxidase and esterase increased after drying and after cryopreservation. Rapid drying in silica gel to 20% moisture content, followed by direct immersion in liquid nitrogen, allows cryopreservation of coffee seeds in a fast, simple and economical manner.

Cryopreservation is a technique that may potentially conserve the germplasm of species of the Coffea genus for an indeterminate time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of cryopreserved seeds of Coffea arabica L., cultivar Catucaí amarelo IAC 62, which was subjected to different protocols regarding dehydration, precooling, cooling, rewarming and cathode water use. According to each protocol, the seeds were subjected to fast or slow drying to moisture contents of 17 or 20% (wet basis), cooled in different ways, and then immersed in liquid nitrogen for 24 hours. Different rewarming times in a water bath were also used. Physiological, biochemical and ultrastructural analyses were performed on the seeds after the cryopreservation steps. Moisture content at a 17% wb is the key factor for the cryopreservation of Coffea arabica L. seeds, which have better physiological quality and better preserved cell structures. Precooling of coffee seeds before immersion in liquid nitrogen does not provide advantages compared to direct immersion. The rewarming times tested (2, 4, and 6 minutes) and cathode water use did not cause changes in the physiological and biochemical quality or in the cell structures of Coffea arabica L. cryopreserved seeds. The pattern of cell structure observed in all seeds indicates that the damage from cryopreservation is less drastic in the cells of the embryos than in those of the endosperm, with the latter less tolerant to the stresses of dehydration, precooling, and rewarming.