In recent years, jellyfish blooms have attracted considerable scientific interest for their potential impacts on human activities and ecosystem functioning, with much attention paid to jellyfish as predators and to gelatinous biomass as a carbon sink. Other than qualitative data and observations, few studies have quantified direct predation of fish on jellyfish to clarify whether they may represent a seasonally abundant food source. Here we estimate predation frequency by the commercially valuable Mediterranean bogue, Boops boops on the mauve stinger jellyfish, Pelagia noctiluca, in the Strait of Messina (NE Sicily). A total of 1054 jellyfish were sampled throughout one year to quantify predation by B. boops from bite marks on partially eaten jellyfish and energy density of the jellyfish. Predation by B. boops in summer was almost twice that in winter, and they selectively fed according to medusa gender and body part. Calorimetric analysis and biochemical composition showed that female jellyfish gonads had significantly higher energy content than male gonads due to more lipids and that gonads had six-fold higher energy content than the somatic tissues due to higher lipid and protein concentrations. Energetically, jellyfish gonads represent a highly rewarding food source, largely available to B. boops throughout spring and summer. During the remainder of the year, when gonads were not very evident, fish predation switched towards less-selective foraging on the somatic gelatinous biomass. P. noctiluca, the most abundant jellyfish species in the Mediterranean Sea and a key planktonic predator, may represent not only a nuisance for human leisure activities and a source of mortality for fish eggs and larvae, but also an important resource for fish species of commercial value, such as B. boops.
Desiccation tolerance in seeds depends on the species, development stage and drying conditions, especially the water removal rate. Coffea seeds are considered of intermediate performance, because they tolerate relative dehydration compared to orthodox seeds and are sensitive to low temperatures. The objective of this study was to verify the effect of different drying rates on the viability and storability of Coffea canephora seeds. A complete randomized experimental design was used, in a factorial 3 x 5 x 2 design, with three drying rates (fast, intermediate and slow), five final mean water contents after drying (51, 42, 33, 22 and 15 %) and two storage temperatures (10 and 20°C). The germination and seed vigor assessments, using radicle protrusion, cotyledon leaf opening, seedling emergence and emergence speed index, were performed shortly after drying and after two and four months storage. It was observed that with reduction in the water content there was reduction in the germination values and seed vigor, for all the drying rates. The greatest reductions in physiological quality occurred when the seeds were dried quickly and the best results were obtained at the intermediate drying rate. There was an effect of drying rate and storage temperature on the physiological quality of the seeds, and lower germination and vigor values were observed in seeds with lower water content stored at 20°C. C. canephora seeds were tolerant to desiccation down to 15 % water content and can be stored for four months at 10°C. A temperature of 20ºC can be used to store C. canephora seeds, as long as the water content is not reduced to values below 22 % water content.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os perfis proteicos e o desempenho fisiológico de sementes de café submetidas a diferentes métodos de processamento e secagem. Foram avaliados os processamentos por via seca e úmida, e as secagens natural, em terreiro, e artificial a 60ºC, ou a 60ºC até 30% de umidade e 40ºC até teor final de 11% (base úmida). Após serem processadas e secadas, as sementes foram avaliadas quanto ao desempenho fisiológico e submetidas a análises bioquímicas, por meio da eletroforese de proteínas resistentes ao calor LEA ("late embryogenesis abundant") e das enzimas superóxido dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, esterase, polifenoloxidase, isocitrato desidrogenase, álcool desidrogenase e malato desidrogenase. O perfil proteico de sementes de café é afetado pelo método de processamento e de secagem. Os cafés processados por via úmida apresentam maior tolerância à secagem - revelada pela maior atividade de enzimas antioxidativas e pelo melhor desempenho fisiológico - do que os processados por via seca. A atividade de proteínas resistentes ao calor e de enzimas antioxidantes é variável promissora para diferenciar a qualidade dos cafés submetidos a diferentes manejos pós-colheita.
Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas em sementes de café submetidas à secagem rápida, em sílica gel, e à secagem lenta, em soluções salinas saturadas. As sementes foram secas até que atingissem os seguintes teores de água: 40, 30, 20, 15, 10 e 5% (base úmida). Após a secagem, uma parte das sementes foi imediatamente avaliada quanto ao desempenho fisiológico e ao perfil de enzimas do processo oxidativo, e outra parte foi avaliada após armazenagem em condição hermética, em câmara fria e seca, por quatro meses. A velocidade de secagem e o teor final de água tiveram efeito significativo sobre a qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Após a secagem rápida em sílica gel, as sementes toleraram teores finais de água mais baixos. No entanto, após a secagem lenta, as sementes com teores finais de água mais elevados apresentaram maior qualidade. O período de armazenamento não afetou a germinação, mas prejudicou o vigor das sementes. A secagem rápida apresenta maior potencial de dano ao endosperma do que aos embriões. O perfil enzimático das sementes de café é afetado pelo teor final de água e pela velocidade de secagem.Termos para indexação: Coffea arabica, armazenagem, perfil enzimático, qualidade fisiológica, tolerância à dessecação, velocidade de secagem. Physiological and biochemical changes in coffee seed dried in silica gel and saturated saline solutionsAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes in coffee seed subjected to rapid drying, in silica gel, or to slow drying in saturated saline solutions. Seeds were dried until they reached the following water contents: 40, 30, 20, 15, 10, and 5% (wet basis). After drying, part of the seeds was immediately evaluated as to their physiological performance and enzymatic profile of the oxidative process, and another part was evaluated after storage, under hermetic conditions, in freeze-drying chamber, for four months. Drying rate and final moisture content had significant effect on seed physiological quality. After rapid drying, in silica gel, seeds tolerated lower final moisture levels. However, after slow drying, seeds with greater water levels showed higher quality. The storage period did not affect germination, but it reduced coffee seed vigor. Rapid drying shows greater damage potential to the endosperm than to the embryos. The enzymatic profile of coffee seed is affected by the final moisture level and the drying rate.Index terms: Coffea arabica, storage, enzymatic profile, physiological quality, desiccation tolerance, drying rate. IntroduçãoAs sementes recalcitrantes, diferentemente das ortodoxas, não toleram dessecação nem baixas temperaturas (Roberts, 1973). Sementes de café (Coffea arabica L.) não toleram baixas temperaturas e nem secagem abaixo de 10% de umidade e são consideradas como de comportamento intermediário (Ellis et al., 1990). Portanto, entre os vários fatores que influenciam a qualidade das sementes de café, o grau de umidade e as condições de secagem e de arm...
O momento da colheita e os métodos de secagem podem influenciar a qualidade das sementes de cafeeiro durante o armazenamento. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do estádio de maturação e do método de secagem sobre a qualidade fisiológica e a armazenabilidade de sementes de cafeeiro. Os ensaios foram realizados nos Laboratórios de Análise de Sementes e de Técnicas Moleculares do Departamento de Agricultura da UFLA. Os frutos do cultivar Rubi foram colhidos, despolpados, e as sementes lavadas e deixadas sobre papel para retirada da água superficial. As sementes nos estádios verde cana e cereja foram submetidas à secagem convencional (à sombra) e à secagem em secador estacionário sob temperatura de 35ºC. Como testemunha foram analisadas sementes sem secagem. As avaliações foram feitas imediatamente após os tratamentos de secagem e após 4 e 8 meses de armazenamento. As sementes foram armazenadas a 10ºC em sacos plásticos impermeáveis. Foram realizados os testes de germinação, de protrusão radicular, de matéria seca de plântulas, de índice de velocidade de emergência, de condutividade elétrica, além de análises eletroforéticas de proteínas resistentes ao calor e da quantificação da atividade da enzima endo-ß-mananase. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial dois (estádios de maturação) x três (métodos de secagem) x três (tempos de armazenamento), com quatro repetições. Sementes de cafeeiro colhidas no estádio cereja têm maior potencial de armazenamento que no estádio verde cana. Ocorre redução de germinação e vigor nas sementes de cafeeiro colhidas no estádio verde cana, quando submetidas à secagem rápida. A presença ou intensidade de bandas de proteínas resistentes ao calor está associada à secagem das sementes. Ocorre maior atividade da enzima endo-ß-mananase em sementes colhidas no estádio cereja que no estádio verde-cana. Ocorre aumento da atividade da enzima endo-ß-mananase durante o armazenamento.
Low‐grade phosphate rock correctly combined with humic acid (HA) has the capacity of single superphosphate (SS) in supplying P to growing wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The aim of this study was to evaluate wheat dry matter, macro‐ and micronutrients accumulated in wheat shoot, and the P availability in a Typic Hapludox (Oxisol) under the following humic acid carbon (C‐HA) concentrations: 0, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg kg−1, which were combined with two P sources, Araxá phosphate rock (APR) and SS. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions. Firstly, soil samples were incubated with combinations of C‐HA concentrations and P sources for 15 d; after that, wheat was grown in the pots for 43 d. Shoot dry matter (SDM), root dry matter (RDM), total dry matter (TDM), macro‐ and micronutrient uptake, and soil resin‐P were determined. Addition of C‐HA increased RDM growth in soils treated with APR and SS, and improved SDM growth under APR. Accumulation of P, S, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn increased in wheat shoots grown in soils treated with APR combined with C‐HA concentrations. The addition of 50 mg kg−1 of C‐HA and APR increased RDM and macro‐ and micronutrient uptake and promoted greater production of SDM in comparison to biomass produced in soil not treated with HA. After wheat cultivation, resin‐P contents in soil with APR decreased over C‐HA concentrations, which is evidence of adequate supply of P to wheat by APR. The right combination of HA and APR leads to wheat growth and nutrient uptake equivalent to those found for SS.
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