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Samples (11Og) of raw (17.2-22.6% fat) and cooked 12.6-16.4% fat) ground beef in plastic cups were stored aerobically at 4* 1°C. Lipid oxidation was measured by four versions of the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) test, including aqueous acid extractior& (TBA-C1s), direct heating, distillation, and unmodified aqueous acid extraction; and by sensory evaluation of rancid odor after 0, 2,4, 6, and 8 days storage. The TBA-Cl* method was more specific (P

The coastlines with rocky shores at Java Island Indonesia, Gunung Kidul (Yogyakarta) and Jepara (Central Java), have abundant resources of brown algae Sargassum sp. Little effort, however, has been made to explore the antioxidant potential of the algae harvested from these area. Tropical brown algae have proven to produce a very effective antioxidant defence system due to the strong UV radiation in the tropical environment. The Total Phenolic Content (TPC) of the extracts were evaluated by using Follin Ciocalteau reagent, while antioxidant activities were evaluated by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrzyl Radical Scavenging Activity (DPPH-RSA) and Ferrous Ion-Chelating (FIC) ability. The effects of treatments on TPC and antioxidant activities were analysed using analysis of variance models. There were four treatments and three replicates. These treatments were extract types (cytoplasmic and membrane bound), harvest sites (Gunung Kidul and Jepara), harvest seasons (dry and rainy) and various Sargassum species. The TPC of extracts varied from 0.006-0.65 and 6.72-21.99 g phloroglucinol equivalent/100 g dried extract for cytoplasmic and membrane bound extract, respectively. The DPPH-RSA in extracts concentration of 0.45 mg mL −1 were in the range of 14.61-48.71 % for membrane bound and 0.17-44.05 % for cytoplasmic extracts. The FIC in extract concentration of 3.3 mg mL -1 were in the range of 2.0512.51 and 26.77-68.80 % for cytoplasmic and membrane bound extract, respectively. Nevertheless, these extracts had lower activity when compared with BHT and EDTA as positive control of RSA-DPPH and FIC, respectively. The antioxidant activities of Sargassum were influenced by types of extracts, harvest sites, seasons and species. The antioxidant activity of membrane bound was higher than cytoplasmic extract. The increasing of DPPH-RSA and FIC were proportional to TPC. The highest antioxidant activity was found at S. hystrix from Gunung Kidul area harvested during dry season.

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Arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea. L) is an underutilized local crop potentially to be developed as carbohydrate source and functional food in Indonesia. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the immunostimulatory effects of arrowroot extracts in vitro by using animal cell culture techniques, and in vivo by using BALB/c mice. The arrowroot tuber extracts were prepared by heat-treatment at 121°C for 20 min in distilled water. The IgM production stimulatory activity of arrowroot tuber extracts against human hybridoma HB4C5 cells and mouse splenocytes was assessed. The result indicated that the arrowroot tuber extract stimulated IgM production by HB4C5 cells and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgA and IgM) production by splenocytes in vitro. In addition, the arrowroot tuber extracts strongly enhanced interferon c production by splenocytes. In vivo study indicated that the diet containing arrowroot extracts increased the serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels in mice. These results revealed that the arrowroot tuber extracts have immunostimulatory effects in vivo as well as in vitro.

Bengkoang (Pachyrhizus erosus (L.) Urban) is one of the most popular edible root vegetables in Indonesia. Bengkoang contains fairly large amounts of carbohydrates and crude fiber. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of the bengkoang fiber extract (BFE) in vitro and in vivo. BFE was prepared by heating the powder of bengkoang fiber suspended in distilled water at 121°C for 20 min. BFE facilitated IgM production by the human hybridoma cell line HB4C5 cells. In addition, production of IgM, IgG, and IgA by mouse primary splenocytes was facilitated by BFE in a dose-dependent manner. BFE also significantly facilitated production of both interleukin-5 and interleukin-10 by splenocytes. Immunoglobulin production by lymphocytes from the spleen, Peyer's patch, and mesenteric lymph node were significantly activated by oral administration of BFE to mice for 14 days. The serum immunoglobulin levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA were also significantly enhanced. Furthermore, cytokine production by lymphocytes from the spleen, Peyer's patch, and mesenteric lymph node were also facilitated by oral administration of BFE. These results suggest that BFE has positive effects on the immune system in vitro and in vivo.