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The objective of this research was to evaluate enzymatic glycerolysis-interesterification to synthesize structured lipids (SLs) containing high monoacylglycerol (MAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) from a palm stearinolein blend (PS-PO blend). The results showed that the optimum conditions for the solvent to fat ratio, glycerol to fat ratio, and enzyme concentration were 2:1 (v/w), 1.5:1, and 15% (w/w), respectively. The conversion rate of MAG and DAG decreased at a high glycerol to fat ratio, low solvent to fat ratio, and high enzyme concentration due to an increase in viscosity and low agitation effectiveness. The emulsion capacity and stability of the SLs were 60.19% and 96.80%, respectively. The hardness of the SLs increased about 3.1-fold. The MAG, DAG, and triacylglycerol conversion rates were 0.45, 0.48, and 1.02%/h, respectively. Thus, glycerolysis-interesterification of a PS-PO blend increased DAG and MAG concentrations and further improved the hardness, emulsion capacity, and emulsion stability of the SLs.

BACKGROUND Recently, gut microbiota has been associated with various diseases other than intestinal disease. Thus, there has been rapid growth in the study of gut microbiota. Considering the numerous factors influencing gut microbiota such as age, diet, etc ., area-based research is required. Indonesia has numerous different tribes and each of these tribes have different lifestyles. Hence, it is expected that each tribe has a specific gut microbiota. A deeper insight into the composition of gut microbiota can be used to determine the condition of gut microbiota in Indonesians and to consider which treatment may be suitable and effective to improve health status. AIM To investigate the gut microbiota of Indonesian subjects represented by Javanese and Balinese tribes by analyzing fecal samples. METHODS Fecal samples were collected from a total of 80 individuals with 20 in each of the young groups ranging from 25-45 years and the elderly group aged 70 years or more from two different regions, Yogyakarta and Bali. Fecal sample collection was performed at the end of the assessment period (day 14 ± 1 d) during which time the subjects were not allowed to consume probiotic or antibiotic products. The quantification of various Clostridium subgroups, Lactobacillus subgroups, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus , Bacteroides fragilis group and Prevotella , Bifidobacterium and Atopobium cluster, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas was performed using the Yakult intestinal flora-scan (YIF-SCAN). RESULTS The bacterial population in younger subjects’ feces was higher than that in the elderly population, with a total of approximately 10.0 – 10.6 log 10 bacterial cells/g feces. The most abundant bacteria in all groups were Clostridium , followed by Prevotella, Atopobium, Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides . In the elderly, an increase in Enterobacteriaceae , Coliform and Escherichia coli was found. In terms of bacterial counts in Yogyakarta, total bacteria, Clostridium coccoides ( C. coccoides ) group, Bifidobacterium , Prevotella , Lactobacillus plantarum subgroup, and Streptococcus were significantly higher ( P < 0.05) in younger than elderly subjects, while the Lactobacillus gasseri subgroup, Lactobacillus casei subgroup, and Lactobacillus reut...

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Lactobacillus plantarum Dad-13 is a probiotic candidate from dadih, a traditional fermented buffalo milk from West Sumatera, Indonesia. This study aimed to evaluate safety aspects of L. plantarum Dad-13 in high dose consumption on Sprague Dawley rats. Two treatment groups were fed with 10 11 CFU/mL/day of L. plantarum Dad-13 for 14 and 28 days respectively. Two placebo groups were fed with 1 mL skimmed milk per day for 14 and 28 days and a fifth, untreated group used as control. Feed intake and body weight were monitored, while blood samples and mesenteric lymph node (MPN) organs were dissected. Organ weight, leukocyte profiles, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) activity, plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and intestinal morphology were measured. Microbial analyses were conducted on fecal matter, digesta, blood and organs. Results showed that consumption did not negatively affect general health, organ weight, leukocyte profiles, GOT activity, MDA concentration and intestinal morphology. Numbers of L. plantarum in treated rats' feces were significantly increased, indicating its survival in gastrointestinal tracts. Bacteria in the blood and organs of both groups were identified using rep-PCR with BOX A1R primer, which revealed that it was not identical to L. plantarum Dad-13. Thus, L. plantarum Dad-13 did not translocate in the organs and blood of rats. Therefore, L. plantarum Dad-13 is suggested as likely to be safe for human consumption.

<p><span>The aims of this study were to isolate lactic acid bacteria from legume soaking water and to examine their ability to grow and produce acid in jack bean milk. Lactic acid bacteria were isolated from legume soaking water in five tempeh productions in Special Province of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The identification of <st1:stockticker w:st="on">LAB</st1:stockticker> was carried out based on morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Twenty-nine <st1:stockticker w:st="on">LAB</st1:stockticker> were obtained, and twelve isolates considered to be homo-fermentative types. Four of these homofermentative isolates which be able to grow at pH 4.4 were further examined of their ability to grow and produce acid in jack bean milk. Biochemical identification using <st1:stockticker w:st="on">API</st1:stockticker> 50 CH and 50 <st1:stockticker w:st="on">CHL</st1:stockticker> identified them as <i>Lactobacillus</i> sp. KKNB1, <i>L. plantarum</i> WGK3, <i>L. plantarum</i> WGK4, and <i>L. paracasei</i> WGK5. All those isolates were able to ferment jack bean milk which was marked by an increase of the number of cells (1.07-1.76 log cycle) and decrease of pH value in jack bean milk after fermentation at 37^oC for 24 hours. It means that they could utilize carbon sources and other nutrients in jack bean milk for their growth and metabolic activities. Further study should be done to evaluate the possibility of these isolates for starter cultures in fermentation of jack bean milk.<o:p></o:p></span></p>

The aim of this study was to investigate the population of selected bacteria and some chemical characteristics during sorghum fermentation with the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum S4512. Proteolytic L. plantarum S4512 isolated from natural sorghum fermentation was added into sorghum fermentation. Sorghum flour was mixed with sterile water(1:2 w/v) and then was inoculated with 1% v/v (about 109 CFU/ml) culture of L. plantarum S4512. Fermentation was carried out at 37°C for 24 hours. As a control, natural sorghum fermentation without addition of a starter culture was carried out at 30°C for 24 hours. During fermentation time, the amount of bacteria, acid producing bacteria, coliform and proteolytic bacteria were monitored. The titratable acidity, pH, soluble protein, and proteolytic activity were also measured. Addition of L. plantarum S4512 increased significantly the initial population of total bacteria, lactic acidbacteria and proteolytic bacteria to 107 CFU/ml and suppressed the growth of coliforms indicated by siginificantly decline of coliforms population after 6 h fermentation. The production of acid was doubled of that in the naturalfermentation resulted in the lower pH to 3.14. Both natural sorghum fermentation and that with addition of proteolytic L. plantarum S4512 showed some proteolytic activities during fermentation.Keywords: Lactic acid bacteria, sorghum fermentation, proteolytic activity