No abstract

After cellulose, lignin is the most commonly used natural polymer in green biomaterials. Pulp and paper mills and emerging cellulosic biorefineries are the main sources of technical lignin. However, only 2–5% of lignin has been converted into biomaterials. Making lignin-based polymer biocomposites to replace petroleum-based composites has piqued the interest of many researchers worldwide due to the positive environmental impact of traditional composites over time. In composite development, lignin is being used as a filler in commercial polymers to improve biodegradability and possibly lower production costs. As a natural polymer, lignin may have different properties depending on the isolation method and source, affecting polymer-based composites. The application has been affected by the characteristics of lignin and the uniform distribution of lignin in polymers. The review’s goal was to provide an overview of technical lignin extraction, properties, and its potential appropriate utilization. It was also planned to revisit the lignin-based composites’ preparation procedure as well as their composite characteristics. Solvent casting and extrusion methods are used to fabricate lignin from polymeric matrices such as polypropylene, epoxy, polyvinyl alcohol, polylactic acid, starch, wood fiber, natural rubber, and chitosan. Packaging, biomedical materials, automotive, advanced biocomposites, flame retardant, and other applications for lignin-based composites has existed. As a result, the technology is still being refined to increase the performance of lignin-based biocomposites in several applications. This review could assist explain lignin’s position as a composite additive, which could lead to more efficient processing and application strategies.

No abstract

IntroductIon Geographically the Kelud Volcano is located at 7 o 56'S and 112 o 18'E. The volcano lies within two regencies, i.e. Blitar and Kediri, in East Java (Figure 1). The summit elevation of this stratovolcano is 1731 m asl. and a large lake occupies the summit crater. Historical eruption of the Kelud Volcano was recorded firstly in the year of 1000. The big erup

No abstract

Innovative behavior, employee engagement and transformational leadership are critical variables that should be the focus of every organization’s this era of rapid technological change. This study aims to determine the effect of transformational leadership and work engagement on innovative behavior in the banking industry in Indonesia. The technique sampling is purposive sampling, so the numbers of samples are 378 people. The Data analysis technique is multiple linear regression analysis. The results show that transformational leadership and work engagement have a significant and positive effect on innovative behavior, in which work engagement as a mediating variable will to the positive influence of transformational leadership on innovative behavior. These findings suggest that it is necessary to apply transformational leadership styles and increase employee engagement to improve innovative employee behavior.DOI: 10.15408/etk.v17i2.7427

Eucheuma cottonii waste seaweed has high cellulose content. Therefore, it could be potentially used as a raw material for biodegradable films to replace plastic. A plastic film is its moisture resistance, and this property allows plastic films to be used as packaging materials and biodegraded by microbes. This research aims to obtain a concentration of glycerol and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC) to obtain the best biodegradable film characteristics from E. cottonii seaweed waste. This study was conducted in factorial by using a complete randomized block design with two factors: glycerol concentration and CMC concentration. Each treatment has three levels and three replications (3 × 3). The first factor was glycerol concentration: 0.25% (G1), 0.5% (G2), and 0.75% (G3). The second factor included concentrations of 1% CMC (C1), 2% CMC (C2), and 3% CMC (C3). Then, Tensile Strength (TS), thickness, solubility, and elongation were observed. Functional group analysis was conducted by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and biodegradability test. The results showed that the addition of glycerol concentrations of 0.5 and 0.7% and CMC from 1 to 3% produced tensile strengths of 23–39 MPa. These values are proportional to the tensile strength of Poly Tetra Fluoro ethyne (PTFE) and Poly Propylene (PP) synthetic plastics released by Dotmar Engineering Plastics. The biodegradability test showed that the produced biodegradable films decomposed after 14 days.

Asap cair dari kayu karet dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pengawet ikan kembung (<em>Rastrelliger kanagurta</em>) karena mengandung senyawa fenol dan asam organik yang bersifat sebagai senyawa anti bakteri dan antioksidan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan konsentrasi asap cair kayu karet redestilasi dan lama perendaman ikan terbaik pada pengasapan ikan kembung. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok faktorial (RAK Faktorial) dengan perlakuan konesntrasi asap cair (10, 15 dan 20%) dan lama perendaman (10, 15 dan 20 menit). Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi angka lempeng total, kadar air dan organoleptik. Hasil terbaik yaitu menggunakan konsentrasi asap cair kayu karet redestilasi 10% dan lama perendaman ikan selama 15 menit dengan nilai angka lempeng total 4,4×103 CFU/g pada hari ke-0 dan 4,7×104 CFU/g pada hari ke-6, kadar air di bawah 60% selama penyimpanan, dan sifat organoleptik berupa skor aroma 4,48 (netral)dan skor penerimaan keseluruhan 4,51 (netral).