Nickel-rich cathode material, NCA (85:14:1), is successfully synthesized using two different, simple and economical batch methods, i.e., hydroxide co-precipitation (NCA-CP) and the hydroxides solid state reaction method (NCA-SS), followed by heat treatments. Based on the FTIR spectra, all precursor samples exhibit two functional groups of hydroxide and carbonate. The XRD patterns of NCA-CP and NCA-SS show a hexagonal layered structure (space group: R_3m), with no impurities detected. Based on the SEM images, the micro-sized particles exhibit a sphere-like shape with aggregates. The electrochemical performances of the samples were tested in a 18650-type full-cell battery using artificial graphite as the counter anode at the voltage range of 2.7–4.25 V. All samples have similar characteristics and electrochemical performances that are comparable to the commercial NCA battery, despite going through different synthesis routes. In conclusion, the overall results are considered good and have the potential to be adapted for commercialization.

An approach for a fast recycling process for Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA) cathode scrap material without the presence of a reducing agent was proposed. The combination of metal leaching using strong acids (HCl, H2SO4, HNO3) and mixed metal hydroxide co-precipitation followed by heat treatment was investigated to resynthesize NCA. The most efficient leaching with a high solid loading rate (100 g/L) was obtained using HCl, resulting in Ni, Co, and Al leaching efficiencies of 99.8%, 95.6%, and 99.5%, respectively. The recycled NCA (RNCA) was successfully synthesized and in good agreement with JCPDS Card #87-1562. The highly crystalline RNCA presents the highest specific discharge capacity of a full cell (RNCA vs. Graphite) of 124.2 mAh/g with capacity retention of 96% after 40 cycles. This result is comparable with commercial NCA. Overall, this approach is faster than that in the previous study, resulting in more efficient and facile treatment of the recycling process for NCA waste and providing 35 times faster processing.

Highly crystalline “zero-strain” Li4Ti5O12 (LTO) has great potential as an alternative material for the anodes in a lithium ion battery. In this research, highly crystalline LTO with impressive electrochemical characteristics was synthesized via a salt-assisted solid-state reaction using TiO2, LiOH, and various amounts of NaCl as a salt additive. The LTO particles exhibited a cubic spinel structure with homogenous micron-sized particles. The highest initial specific discharge capacity of LTO was 141.04 mAh/g with 4 wt % NaCl addition, which was tested in a full-cell (LTO/LiFePO4) battery. The battery cell showed self-recovery ability during the cycling test at 10 C-rate, which can extend the cycle life of the cell. The salt-assisted process affected the crystallinity of the LTO particles, which has a favorable effect on its electrochemical performance as anodes.

Li-ion batteries as a support for future transportation have the advantages of high storage capacity, a long life cycle, and the fact that they are less dangerous than current battery materials. Li-ion battery components, especially the cathode, are the intercalation places for lithium, which plays an important role in battery performance. This study aims to obtain the LiNixMnyCozO2 (NMC) cathode material using a simple flash coprecipitation method. As precipitation agents and pH regulators, oxalic acid and ammonia are widely available and inexpensive. The composition of the NMC mole ratio was varied, with values of 333, 424, 442, 523, 532, 622, and 811. As a comprehensive study of NMC, lithium transition-metal oxide (LMO, LCO, and LNO) is also provided. The crystal structure, functional groups, morphology, elemental composition and material behavior of the particles were all investigated during the heating process. The galvanostatic charge–discharge analysis was tested with cylindrical cells and using mesocarbon microbeads/graphite as the anode. Cells were tested at 2.7–4.25 V at 0.5 C. Based on the analysis results, NMC with a mole ratio of 622 showed the best characteristicd and electrochemical performance. After 100 cycles, the discharged capacity reaches 153.60 mAh/g with 70.9% capacity retention.

The high throughput and rapid flame-assisted spray pyrolysis method has been adapted to synthesize cathode materials LiNi0.apCo0.15Al0.035O2 (NCA). This method is considered low cost and simple. By varying the precursor solution concentration and sintering temperature, the optimal condition was established at temperature sintering of 800 °C and precursor solution concentration of 1 M. X-ray diffraction patterns showed the as-prepared NCA particles exhibit a pure well-ordered hexagonal layer structure with high crystallinity. Polyhedral shaped micro-sized particles are confirmed by SEM images. Galvanostic charge–discharge tests were conducted using cylindrical full-cell utilizing artificial graphite as the anode. The highest specific initial discharge capacity measured between 2.7 and 4.3 V is 155 mAh g−1 with capacity retention of 92% after cycled at 0.2 C for 50 cycles. Thus, this method is considered as a satisfying approach for NCA mass production.

The kinetics study of NCA leaching in the HCl system was proposed. Various kinetic models such as shrinking core, logarithmic rate law, and Avrami equation were used to find out the most appropriate kinetic models for this process. The effect of HCl concentrations, leaching temperatures, solid to liquid (S/L) ratio, and leaching duration were observed. The optimum conditions of NCA leaching were at HCl concentration of 4 M, temperature of 80 °C, S/L ratio of 100 g/L, and leaching time of 1 h. The result shows that shrinking core model with diffusion control process of residue layer describes well the leaching mechanism in this research, which is indicated by the good fitting of coefficient values of correlation (R2) and confirmed by the activation energy values of Ni, Co, Al that were less than 40 kJ/mol.

<p>Li-ion battery is an energy storage device which could be applied as power source for electronic devices. The capacity of a battery is determined by the cathode material. Over this last decade, high nickel content cathode material is applied for electric vehicular technology. This study aims to synthesize a nickel-rich cathode material, LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂(NCA) via one-step co-precipitation and study its characteristics. The Ni, Co and Al metal ion conversion during co-precipitation were analyzed using Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Based on X-Ray diffraction analysis, NCA sample exhibited hexagonal-layered structure with high crystallinity. Based on Scherrer equation, the mean crystallite diameter of NCA sample is 40 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed micron-sized homogenous particles with smooth surface. The final composition of Ni, Co and Al metal were confirmed using XRF. The capacity of the battery was determined using galvanostic test method with voltage range of 2.7-4.25 V using graphite as the counter anode. The initial specific discharge capacity of NCA is 60 mAh/g while the capacity loss<em> per cycle is </em><em>1</em><em>%.</em></p>

ABSTRAKPenggunaan baterai Li-ion semakin meningkat seiring bertambahnya media elektronik portabel. Baterai Li-ion memiliki siklus hidup sehingga dibutuhkan proses daur ulang dalam rangka menurunkan potensi bahaya limbah sekaligus meningkatkan nilai ekonomis material baterai yang tidak terpakai terutama material aktif katodanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan limbah scrap katoda Lithium Nickel Cobalt Oxide (NCA) untuk diregenerasi kembali dimana material NCA memiliki kepadatan dan kapasitas energi yang tinggi. Proses pre-treatment menjadi salah satu penentu dalam proses daur ulang selanjutnya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengaruh pemanasan pada proses pretreatment dengan variasi suhu 500-800 0 C untuk memperoleh bubuk material yang akan didaur ulang. Kombinasi proses leaching dan metode ko-presipitasi digunakan untuk meregenerasi kembali material aktif katoda. Pengujian Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (SSA) dilakukan untuk mengetahui effisiensi leaching menggunakan 4M H2SO4 pada suhu 40 0 C selama 3 jam. Analisis X-ray Diffraction (XRD) menunjukkan bahwa material NCA telah berhasil diregenerasi kembali dimana puncak-puncak difraksi material NCA sesuai dengan standar JCPDS. Morfologi dari material NCA diuji menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Pengujian elektrokimia menggunakan baterai silinder pada tegangan 2,7-4,2 Volt, dimana didapatkan kapasitas spesifik keluaran pertama sebesar 62,13 mAh/g. ABSTRACTThe use of Li-ion batteries has increased with the increasing of portable electronic media. Li-ion batteries have a life cycle hence a recycling process is needed in order to reduce the potential hazard of waste while increasing the economic value of unused battery material, especially its cathode active material. This study used Lithium Nickel Cobalt Oxide (NCA) cathode scrap to be regenerated which NCA material has high energy density and high capacity. The pretreatment process is one of the determinants in the subsequent recycling process. In this study, the effect of heating on the pretreatment process was carried out with variation temperatures of 500-800 0 C to obtain powder which will be recycled. The combination process of the leaching and co-precipitation was used to regenerate the cathode active material. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was performed to determine leaching efficiency using 4M H2SO4 at 40 0 C for 3 hours. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that NCA material has been successfully regenerated which the diffraction peaks of NCA material was in accordance with 106 S. U. Muzayanha dkk., Pengaruh Pemanasan pada Proses Pretreatment ………. JCPDS standards. The morphology of NCA material was tested using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical testing uses a cylindrical battery at 2.7-4.2 Volt which the initial specific discharge capacity of the power is 62.13 mAh / g.