The kinetics study of NCA leaching in the HCl system was proposed. Various kinetic models such as shrinking core, logarithmic rate law, and Avrami equation were used to find out the most appropriate kinetic models for this process. The effect of HCl concentrations, leaching temperatures, solid to liquid (S/L) ratio, and leaching duration were observed. The optimum conditions of NCA leaching were at HCl concentration of 4 M, temperature of 80 °C, S/L ratio of 100 g/L, and leaching time of 1 h. The result shows that shrinking core model with diffusion control process of residue layer describes well the leaching mechanism in this research, which is indicated by the good fitting of coefficient values of correlation (R2) and confirmed by the activation energy values of Ni, Co, Al that were less than 40 kJ/mol.
ABSTRAKPenggunaan baterai Li-ion semakin meningkat seiring bertambahnya media elektronik portabel. Baterai Li-ion memiliki siklus hidup sehingga dibutuhkan proses daur ulang dalam rangka menurunkan potensi bahaya limbah sekaligus meningkatkan nilai ekonomis material baterai yang tidak terpakai terutama material aktif katodanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan limbah scrap katoda Lithium Nickel Cobalt Oxide (NCA) untuk diregenerasi kembali dimana material NCA memiliki kepadatan dan kapasitas energi yang tinggi. Proses pre-treatment menjadi salah satu penentu dalam proses daur ulang selanjutnya. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengaruh pemanasan pada proses pretreatment dengan variasi suhu 500-800 0 C untuk memperoleh bubuk material yang akan didaur ulang. Kombinasi proses leaching dan metode ko-presipitasi digunakan untuk meregenerasi kembali material aktif katoda. Pengujian Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (SSA) dilakukan untuk mengetahui effisiensi leaching menggunakan 4M H2SO4 pada suhu 40 0 C selama 3 jam. Analisis X-ray Diffraction (XRD) menunjukkan bahwa material NCA telah berhasil diregenerasi kembali dimana puncak-puncak difraksi material NCA sesuai dengan standar JCPDS. Morfologi dari material NCA diuji menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Pengujian elektrokimia menggunakan baterai silinder pada tegangan 2,7-4,2 Volt, dimana didapatkan kapasitas spesifik keluaran pertama sebesar 62,13 mAh/g. ABSTRACTThe use of Li-ion batteries has increased with the increasing of portable electronic media. Li-ion batteries have a life cycle hence a recycling process is needed in order to reduce the potential hazard of waste while increasing the economic value of unused battery material, especially its cathode active material. This study used Lithium Nickel Cobalt Oxide (NCA) cathode scrap to be regenerated which NCA material has high energy density and high capacity. The pretreatment process is one of the determinants in the subsequent recycling process. In this study, the effect of heating on the pretreatment process was carried out with variation temperatures of 500-800 0 C to obtain powder which will be recycled. The combination process of the leaching and co-precipitation was used to regenerate the cathode active material. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) was performed to determine leaching efficiency using 4M H2SO4 at 40 0 C for 3 hours. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that NCA material has been successfully regenerated which the diffraction peaks of NCA material was in accordance with 106 S. U. Muzayanha dkk., Pengaruh Pemanasan pada Proses Pretreatment ………. JCPDS standards. The morphology of NCA material was tested using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Electrochemical testing uses a cylindrical battery at 2.7-4.2 Volt which the initial specific discharge capacity of the power is 62.13 mAh / g.
<p>Li-ion battery is an energy storage device which could be applied as power source for electronic devices. The capacity of a battery is determined by the cathode material. Over this last decade, high nickel content cathode material is applied for electric vehicular technology. This study aims to synthesize a nickel-rich cathode material, LiNi<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.15</sub>Al<sub>0.05</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>(NCA) via one-step co-precipitation and study its characteristics. The Ni, Co and Al metal ion conversion during co-precipitation were analyzed using Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Based on X-Ray diffraction analysis, NCA sample exhibited hexagonal-layered structure with high crystallinity. Based on Scherrer equation, the mean crystallite diameter of NCA sample is 40 nm. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed micron-sized homogenous particles with smooth surface. The final composition of Ni, Co and Al metal were confirmed using XRF. The capacity of the battery was determined using galvanostic test method with voltage range of 2.7-4.25 V using graphite as the counter anode. The initial specific discharge capacity of NCA is 60 mAh/g while the capacity loss<em> per cycle is </em><em>1</em><em>%.</em></p>
<p>Electricity is the most energy demanded in this era. Energy storage devices must be able to store long-term and portable. A lithium ion battery is a type of battery that has been occupied in a secondary battery market. Lithium iron phosphate / LiFePO<sub>4</sub> is a type of cathode material in ion lithium batteries that is very well known for its environmental friendliness and low prices. LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C powder can be obtained from the solid state method. In this study the variables used were the types of precursors : iron sulfate (FeSO<sub>4</sub>), iron oxalate (FeC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) and FeSO<sub>4</sub>+charcoal. Synthesis of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C powder using Li:Fe:P at 1:1:1 %mol. Based on the XRD results, LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C from FeSO<sub>4</sub>+charcoal shows the LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C peaks according to the JCPDS Card with slight impurities when compared to other precursors. XRD results of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C with precursors of FeSO<sub>4</sub> or FeC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> shows more impurities peaks. This LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C cathode is paired with lithium metal anode, activated by a separator, LiPF<sub>6</sub> as electrolyte. Then this arrangement is assembled become a coin cell battery. Based on the electrochemical results, Initial discharge capacity of LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C from the FeSO<sub>4</sub> precursor is 19.72 mAh/g, while LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C with the FeC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> precursor can obtain initial discharge capacity of 17.99 mAh/g, and LiFePO<sub>4</sub>/C with FeSO<sub>4</sub>+charcoal exhibit initial discharge capacity of 21.36 mAh/g. This means that the presence of charcoal helps glucose and nitrogen gas as reducing agents.</p>
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