Distinctions between rural and urban populations are well documented in environmental sociology literature. Rural and urban places may exert different influences on participation in environmentally supportive behavior (ESB) as well as on other forms of environmental concern (EC). The influence of these distinct geographies may be due to present circumstances or because of childhood socialization in these places. Using data from a national survey in Canada (n51 664), we use cognitive (basic values, environmental worldview, and environmental attitude) and behavioral indicators (public and private sphere) of EC to explore differences among rural and urban populations and we include analyses accounting for place of socialization. We extend the conventional private sphere category of ESB by including stewardship behaviors. Results showed few differences between rural and urban residents on indicators of EC. Rural residents, however, scored higher on altruistic values, placed a higher priority on the environment, and reported higher participation in recycling and stewardship behaviors. Analysis that included place of socialization showed differences on environmental worldview, basic values, and some ESB. In terms of ESB, we conclude that residence and place of socialization may be less of a factor than opportunity and highlight the importance of providing services and facilities. We recommend future research on residence and ESB include a variety of behaviors that reflect opportunities for both rural and urban residents.

Collectively, current resource‐development literature has given little attention to organizational features of ownership as important variables in community resilience. By drawing from six local buyout cases in Canada's forest sector, we reveal the complexity and numerous constraints on local ownership and expose a more nuanced context than most sociologists tend to consider. Our findings suggest that the meaning of local ownership and community resilience varies depending upon the composition (e.g., private vs. public; mill vs. forest license vs. coupled mill & forest license), type (social, cooperative, trust and/or direct‐share ownership), extent of ownership (percentage of local versus extra‐local shares), and the level of control (e.g., proportion of locally held seats on the Board of Directors) associated with ownership. Future research on local ownership should more carefully differentiate between the nature of local ownership and its associated outcomes.

Although public opinion and social issues have significant influence on policy-making, research on forest vegetation management (FVM) in Canada has a strong focus on biological aspects, with less attention being paid to social concerns. This paper reviews the social context in which FVM occurs. Individual views about FVM reflect a combination of values, beliefs, and attitude while also including differing perceptions of risks. Public views and the broader social acceptability of management decisions can be linked to five key factors: context, risk, aesthetics, trust, and knowledge. Judgements about acceptability will usually change over time and across specific situations and various segments of a population could make opposing judgements. We identify a variety of public concerns related to FVM in Canada, synthesizing research that can help resource managers consider the social impacts of their choices. We also note particular concerns related to Aboriginal peoples and the FVM workforce. Information about the benefits and disadvantages of FVM options can help resolve public concerns, but using technical information to convince the public is rarely successful. Forest management agencies and resource managers need access to reliable information about social values and concerns to make management decisions that will be socially acceptable.Key words: social acceptability, vegetation management, silviculture, forest policy, public participation, forest values, risk management, scenic values RÉSUMÉBien que l' opinion publique et les enjeux sociaux exercent une influence significative sur l' élaboration des politiques, la plupart des travaux de recherche sur le contrôle de la végétation en forêt au Canada ont été consacrés aux aspects biologiques et ont négligé les considérations sociales. Cet article fait la synthèse du contexte social dans lequel s'inscrit le contrôle de la végétation. Les perceptions individuelles du contrôle de la végétation sont le reflet d'une combinaison de valeurs, de croyances et d'attitudes et de perceptions différentes des risques encourus. Les perceptions publiques et, de manière plus large, l'acceptabilité sociale des choix d'aménagement, sont liées à cinq facteurs fondamentaux : le contexte, les risques, l' esthétique, la confiance et les connaissances. Les jugements sur l'acceptabilité vont généralement évoluer dans le temps en fonction des situations. De même, différents groupes dans la population pourront avoir des jugements opposés. Nous identifions une série de préoccupations sociales associées au contrôle de la végétation, sur la base d'une synthèse des travaux de recherche susceptibles d'aider les gestionnaires dans la prise en compte des impacts sociaux de leurs choix. Nous notons également des enjeux particuliers associés aux Premières Nations et à la main-d' oeuvre en contrôle de la végétation. L'information au sujet des bénéfices et des désavantages de différentes approches en contrôle de la végétation peut aider à répondre aux préoccupations du public. Cependant, le re...

ABSTRACT:Despite the interest community forestry generates, there is little published literature on the array of initiatives currently taking place across Canada. This paper presents the results of nationwide survey of community forestry initiatives on public land. The survey focused on basic characteristics such as objectives, organizational structures, and tenure types. The research revealed that there are over one hundred community forest initiatives currently taking place on public land, mainly in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia. Most of them are run through local government organizations. Approximately 60% operate on Crown land while the remaining 40% operate on land owned fee simple by local governments. The median landbase is 4200 ha. The average age of community forests is 10 years.Key words: community forestry, community-based management, public participation, local governance, forest management organizations, Canada Résumé Malgré l'intérêt suscité par la foresterie communautaire, on retrouve peu d'article sur l'ensemble des projets en cours au Canada. Cet article présente les résultats d'un sondage pan-canadien des projets de foresterie communautaire réalisés sur les terres publiques. Le sondage s'est attardé sur les caractéristiques de base comme les objectifs, les structures organisationnelles et le type de tenure. Les recherches ont révélé qu'il y a plus de cent projets de foresterie communautaire en cours sur les terres publiques, principalement en Ontario, au Québec et en Colombie-Britannique. La plupart sont entrepris par des organismes locaux issus des gouvernements. Près de 60 % sont réalisés sur des terres de la Couronne, tandis que les 40 % restants sur des terres détenues par les gouvernements locaux. La superficie moyenne des projets est de 4 200 ha. L'âge moyen des forêts communautaires est de 10 ans.

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With the introduction of the concept of sustainable forest management, the practice of public participation has become omnipresent. This study focuses on provincial participatory requirements in forest management planning (FMP). A comparative framework composed of four participatory process attributes (power, moment of participation, learning/interaction, and procedure) was used to obtain a temporal and interprovincial perspective of Quebec's new participatory process. Our results indicate that with respect to past processes Quebec's current approach allows certain stakeholders, but not the general public, to have more access to FMP. Comparatively, Ontario and Newfoundland have implemented different, clearly stated, approaches that involve the general public at numerous stages of FMP. Future research should concentrate on how these participatory requirements are implemented and on the public satisfaction with regard to this implementation.Key words: public participation, forest management planning, descriptive framework, Canada, Quebec, sustainable forest management RÉSUMÉLa participation du public est devenue un incontournable avec l'introduction du concept de développement forestier durable. Notre étude s'intéresse aux processus de participation publique provinciaux reliés à l'élaboration des plans d'aménagement forestier sur terres publiques et aux exigences légales qui les précèdent. Une analyse comparative de l'approche québécoise actuelle a été effectuée en utilisant un cadre descriptif composé de quatre dimensions d'analyse (pouvoir, moment de la participation, apprentissage/interaction et procédure); celle-ci a été comparée avec ses précédents dispositifs et avec ceux de deux provinces voisines (Terre-Neuve et Ontario). Les résultats indiquent une ouverture du processus décisionnel à de nouveaux acteurs quoiqu'elle soit restreinte à certains groupes d'intérêt plutôt qu'au « grand public ». Les approches retenues par les provinces voisines se distinguent par les occasions multiples qu'elles offrent au « grand public » de prendre part au processus décisionnel relié aux plans. Les études futures devraient explorer la façon dont ces exigences réglementaires sont appliquées et le niveau de satisfaction des participants à l'égard de ces mécanismes. For personal use only. Mots

k o~a n h i s~In both Canada and the United States, there has been a growAu Canada, c o m e aux ~t a t s -~n i s il y a un intCrEt grandissant ing interest in the sustainability of forests and forest comrnunipour assurer la durabiitC des foSts et des communautCs forestikres. ties. Policy makers and scientists have attempted to understand Les scientifiques et les gestionnaires des for& tentent de comhow forest management practices can enhance or harm the future prendre les effets de la gestion et de I'amCnagement des fo&s sur of such communities. Although many studies have historically used l'avenir de ces communautCs. Traditionnellement, les rechercheconomic indicators as measures of community stability, more es sur les communautCs forestikres adoptaient une perspective recently researchers have demonstrated that the relationship Cconomique. Toutefois, plusieurs ktudes ont dkmontn5 que la relabetween communities and forests goes far beyond simple economic tion entre une communaut6 et la forst va bien au-delh de la dependency. Thus, recent frameworks for assessing forest comdCpendance Cconomique. Aussi, des cadres thkoriques qui inclumunities have also addressed the need for broader social and instient les dimensions sociales et institutionnelles des communautCs tutional components. In this article, we briefly review three of these sont apparus rkcemment dans la 1ittCratue forestikre. Cet article recent concepts -community capacity, community well-being prCsente brikvement trois de ces concepts: la capacitC des comand community resiliency -and examine what each of these terms munautCs, le bien-&tre des communautCs, et la rksilience des has to contribute to the assessment of forest communities.communautCs. Nous examinerons la contribution potentielle de ces concepts h 1'6tude des communautCs forestikres.

Owing to the economic, social and environmental impacts associated with timber harvesting by small-scale forest owners, a number of studies have characterized their profiles, motivations and activities at a given time. However, little research has focused on how timber production has been affected by changes in the prevalence of types of forest owners over time. A 2012 telephone survey of Quebec (Canada) small-scale forest owners reveals relationships between level of harvesting and socio-demographic factors, and an evolution of these factors by examining the results of surveys conducted in 1973 and 1985. Within the same population, property size, distance between owners' forest and homes, possession of a forest management plan, gender, education level, the length of ownership are correlated with how likely respondents were to harvest timber on their forest. Furthermore, comparison with results from previous surveys of the same population show an increase in the prevalence of characteristics associated with owners who place less importance on timber harvesting in their management decisions. Overall, since the initial survey of forest owners conducted in 1973, the size of forest holdings in Quebec has decreased, respondents' education level has improved and the proportion of forests owned by women have increased. However, these changes are occurring at a relatively slow rate, giving government authorities time to implement policies to encourage harvesting among the new generation of forest owners.