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Collectively, current resource‐development literature has given little attention to organizational features of ownership as important variables in community resilience. By drawing from six local buyout cases in Canada's forest sector, we reveal the complexity and numerous constraints on local ownership and expose a more nuanced context than most sociologists tend to consider. Our findings suggest that the meaning of local ownership and community resilience varies depending upon the composition (e.g., private vs. public; mill vs. forest license vs. coupled mill & forest license), type (social, cooperative, trust and/or direct‐share ownership), extent of ownership (percentage of local versus extra‐local shares), and the level of control (e.g., proportion of locally held seats on the Board of Directors) associated with ownership. Future research on local ownership should more carefully differentiate between the nature of local ownership and its associated outcomes.

The relationship between Indigenous, Local, and Science knowledge systems has been the subject of much debate over the past few decades, especially in ecology and natural resource management. In this monograph, we review available scholarship to develop a pragmatic framework for representation of knowledge systems in general, with specific emphasis on productive engagement between individuals from different communities and cultures. We distill operational definitions/explanations of fundamental concepts associated with data, information, knowledge, and wisdom. With these concepts clarified, we reconsider previous applications of sociocultural knowledge system thinking, focusing on system structure and function. Our analysis leads to convergence on a set of fundamental knowledge system processes and actor roles that have emerged repeatedly across many of the scholarly disciplines. We embed these key concepts within a general framework for operational characterization of sociocultural knowledge systems. In order to demonstrate existing and potential applications of the knowledge system framework, we present and discuss major trends in recent ecology and natural resource management literature. Finally, we propose that continued and collaborative development of this general framework can serve as a pragmatic tool for individuals from Indigenous, Local, and Science knowledge systems who wish to engage in reciprocal and meaningful dialogue with members of other knowledge systems, especially regarding the highly uncertain global future of ecology and natural resource management.

managers have introduced new processes and legal requirements to incorporate public interest and values in the management of Crown lands. The advisory or citizen committee has become a key tool among these. According to Parkins et al. (2006) "these initiatives and legislative requirements indicate a shift toward place-based public participation in the management of Canada's public forests." 3 This shift is not unique to forestry. In all aspects of environmental management, a shift from sector-based to placebased or community-based approaches to public involvement is evident. 4 This shift has raised many questions such as when and how to solicit public input, how much responsibility should be shared between local people and governing agencies, what degree of involvement is desirable and feasible, who should participate, how to stimulate local capacity to ABSTRACTThis paper presents a gender-based analysis of a national survey of 102 Canadian forest sector advisory committees. We consider both nominal and effective participation of participants and pay particular attention to how participants gained access to committees, what values they held, and what kinds of experiences they reported. Our analysis revealed that women comprise less than 20 percent of the membership of advisory committees, they hold significantly different values, and they rate their experiences less favourably than men. Consequently, exclusion of women has likely reinforced a timber extraction bias and has restricted women's contributions to advancing the aims of sustainable forestry.Key words: forest sector advisory committees, gender, public participation, forestry RÉSUMÉ Cet article présente une analyse en fonction du sexe d'un sondage national de 102 comités consultatifs du secteur forestier canadien. Nous avons étudié à la fois les nominations et la participation des représentants et nous nous sommes attardés en particulier à l'accession des participants au sein des comités, quelles valeurs ils défendaient et quels exemples d'expé-rience ils faisaient état. Notre analyse a démontré que les femmes comptent pour moins de 20 % des membres des comités consultatifs; qu'elles défendent des valeurs significativement différentes et que leur niveau d'expérience est inférieur à celui des leurs collègues masculins. En conséquence, l'exclusion des femmes a vraisemblablement renforcé le biais de l'extraction de la matière ligneuse et a réduit les contributions des femmes en matière de progrès des objectifs de la foresterie durable.

Sustainable forest management is intended to draw attention to social, economic, and ecological dimensions. The social dimension, in particular, is intended to advance the effectiveness of institutions in accurately reflecting social values. Research demonstrates that while women bring distinctive interests and values to forest management issues, their nominal and effective participation is restricted by a gender order that marginalizes their interests and potential contributions. The purpose of this paper is to explain how gender order affects the attainment of sustainable forest management. We develop a theoretical discussion to explain how women's involvement in three different models for engagement—expert-based, stakeholder-based, and civic engagement—might be advanced or constrained. By conducting a meta-analysis of previous research conducted in Canada and internationally, we show how, in all three models, both nominal and effective participation of women is constrained by several factors including rules of entry, divisions of labour, social norms and perceptions and rules of practice, personal endowments and attributes, as well as organizational cultures. Regardless of the model for engagement, these factors are part of a masculine gender order that prevails in forestry and restricts opportunities for inclusive and sustainable forest management.