Kakoyannis, Christina; Shindler, Bruce; Stankey, George 2001. Understanding the social acceptability of natural resource decisionmaking processes by using a knowledge base modeling approach. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-518. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 40 p. Natural resource managers are being confronted with increasing conflict and litigation with those who find their management plans unacceptable. Compatible and sustainable management decisions necessitate that natural resource agencies generate plans that are not only biologically possible and economically feasible but also socially acceptable. Currently, however, we lack a framework to integrate socially acceptable judgments with the biological and economic factors that help define successful forest management plans. This research examines the ability of a knowledge base approach to assess the social acceptability of natural resource decisionmaking processes and to determine its suitability for use in forest management planning. We note four main caveats with using knowledge bases for evaluating social acceptability: (1) the importance of asking and answering the right question, (2) the ability of the knowledge base to become a "black box," (3) problems associated with using a numerical value to estimate a concept as complex as social acceptability, (4) and our incomplete understanding of the factors that influence social acceptability judgments. Acknowledging the caveats, however, can make the knowledge base model a useful tool in forest management planning. We determined that knowledge bases can account for various factors affecting social acceptability and can facilitate discussions about the compatibility and links among social, biological, and economic decision factors.

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Kakoyannis, Christina; Stankey, George H. 2002. Assessing and evaluating recreational uses of water resources: implications for an integrated management framework. Gen. Tech. Rep.

Fresh water is a valuable and essential commodity in the Pacific Northwest States, specifically Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and one provided abundantly by forested watersheds in the region. The maintenance and growth of industrial, municipal, agricultural, and recreational activities in the region are dependent on adequate and sustainable supplies of fresh water from surface and groundwater sources. Future development, especially in the semiarid intermountain area, depends on the conservation and expansion of the region's water resource. This synthesis reviews the state of our knowledge and condition of water resources in the Pacific Northwest.

k o~a n h i s~In both Canada and the United States, there has been a growAu Canada, c o m e aux ~t a t s -~n i s il y a un intCrEt grandissant ing interest in the sustainability of forests and forest comrnunipour assurer la durabiitC des foSts et des communautCs forestikres. ties. Policy makers and scientists have attempted to understand Les scientifiques et les gestionnaires des for& tentent de comhow forest management practices can enhance or harm the future prendre les effets de la gestion et de I'amCnagement des fo&s sur of such communities. Although many studies have historically used l'avenir de ces communautCs. Traditionnellement, les rechercheconomic indicators as measures of community stability, more es sur les communautCs forestikres adoptaient une perspective recently researchers have demonstrated that the relationship Cconomique. Toutefois, plusieurs ktudes ont dkmontn5 que la relabetween communities and forests goes far beyond simple economic tion entre une communaut6 et la forst va bien au-delh de la dependency. Thus, recent frameworks for assessing forest comdCpendance Cconomique. Aussi, des cadres thkoriques qui inclumunities have also addressed the need for broader social and instient les dimensions sociales et institutionnelles des communautCs tutional components. In this article, we briefly review three of these sont apparus rkcemment dans la 1ittCratue forestikre. Cet article recent concepts -community capacity, community well-being prCsente brikvement trois de ces concepts: la capacitC des comand community resiliency -and examine what each of these terms munautCs, le bien-&tre des communautCs, et la rksilience des has to contribute to the assessment of forest communities.communautCs. Nous examinerons la contribution potentielle de ces concepts h 1'6tude des communautCs forestikres.