Bacterial cellulose is a biopolymer produced by fermentation process with the help of bacteria. It has numerous applications in industrial sector with its characteristic as a biodegradable and nontoxic compound in nature. The potential application of BC is limited by its production costs, because BC is produced from expensive culture media. The use of cheap carbon and nutrient sources such as sago liquid waste is an interesting strategy to overcome this limitation. The objective of this study was to obtain the AAB strain that capable to produce bacterial cellulose from sago liquid waste. Isolation of AAB strains was conducted using CARR media and the screening of BC production was performed on Hestrin-Schramm (HS) media with glucose as a carbon source. The strains of AAB then were evaluated for their cellulose-producing capability using sago liquid waste as a substrate. Thirteen strains of AAB producing BC were isolated from pineapple waste (pineapple core and peel) and seven of them were capable to produce BC using sago liquid waste substrate. One of the AAB strains produced a relatively high BC, i.e. isolate LKN6. The result of morphological and biochemical test was proven that the bacteria was Acetobacter xylinum. The result of this study showed that A. xylinum LKN6 can produce a high yield of BC, therefore this strain is potentially useful for its utilization as a starter in bacterial cellulose production.

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Bacterial cellulose (BC) based on sago liquid waste has been developed to be used as food packaging. This study investigated the physicochemical and mechanical properties of modified BC film and its application as food packaging. The modified BC film performed carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a stabilizer and glycerol as a plasticizer. Films were prepared by casting technique using BC as the primary material and composites with various concentrations of CMC and glycerol (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%, v/v). BC film was applied as the packaging of meat sausage, and the quality of meat sausage was measured based on weight loss, moisture content, pH, protein content, and total microbial count. The addition of CMC and glycerol influences the physical and mechanical properties of BC composites film. The best mechanical properties of edible BC film were collected by adding 1% CMC and 1% glycerol with a tensile strength of 17.47 MPa, elongation at a break of 25.60%, and Young’s modulus of 6.54 GPa. FTIR analysis showed the characteristic bands of BC, and the addition of CMC and glycerol slightly changed the FTIR spectrum of the composites. The utilization of modified BC-based sago liquid waste film as the packaging of meat sausage could maintain sausage quality during 6 days of storage at room temperature. Therefore, edible BC film has the potential to be used as food packaging.

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Abstract. Improper land management often causes flood, this is due to uncontrolled runoff. Runoff is affected by the management of the land cover. The phenomena also occurred in South East Sulawesi, Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the flow rate of water in watershed of Lalindu River in North Konawe, South East Sulawesi by using a Tank Model. The model determined the magnitude of the hydrologic runoff, infiltration capacity and soil water content several land uses were evaluated in the study area. The experimental and calculation results show that the runoff in the forest is 2,639.21 mm /year, in the reed is 2,517.05 mm/year, in the oil palm with a slope more than 45% is 2,715.36 mm/year, and in the oil palm with slopes less than 45% is 2,709.59 mm/year. Infiltration in the forest is 30.70 mm/year, in the reed is 7.51 mm/year, in the palm oil with a slope more than 45% is 24.13 mm/year and in the palm oil with slopes less than 45% is 29.67 mm/year. Runoff contributes to stream flow for water availability.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui biomassa dan faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi kandungan biomassa lamun Enhalus acorroides L. dan Halodule pinifolia berdasarkan kedalaman air laut di Pantai Desa Tanjung Tiram. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan pada bulan Juni - Agustus 2018. Penelitian ini bersifat eksploratif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada tiga titik pengamatan dengan menggunakan metode purposif sampling berdasarkan kedalaman perairan yaitu kedalaman 1 meter, 2 meter dan 3 meter. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan biomassa lamu Enhalus acorroides L. yang terdapat pada kedalaman 1 m total biomassa 316,73 g/m2, kedalaman 2 m total biomassa 197,56 g/m2 dan kedalaman 3 m total biomassa 38,26 g/m2. Kandungan biomassa jenis lamun Halodule pinifolia pada kedalaman 1 m total biomassa 1,6 g/m2, kedalaman 2 m total biomassa 2,97 g/m2 dan kedalaman 3 m total biomassa 0,25 g/m2. Faktor lingkungan yang mempengaruhi kandungan biomassa lamun Enhalus acorroides L. dan Halodule pinifolia pada Perairan Pantai Desa Tanjung Tiram yaitu substrat, kandungan bahan organik (KOT), intensitas cahaya, suhu, salinitas dan kekeruhan. Kata kunci : Biomassa, Enhalus acorroides L. dan Halodule pinifolia ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the biomass and environmental factors that influence the seagrass biomass content of Enhalus acorroides L. and Halodule pinifolia based on the depth of sea water in Tanjung Tiram Village Beach. This research was conducted during June-August 2018. This research was explorative. Sampling area were carried out at three points by observation using purposive sampling method depth water depth of 1 meter, 2 meter and 3 meter. The biomass was estimated in the plot, while enviromental factors that influence the seagrass biomass content of Enhalus acorroides L. and Halodule pinifolia in Tanjung Tiram Village Beach are substrate, nutrient content (KOT), light intensity, temperature, salinity and turbidity. The results showed that Enhalus acorroides L biomass contained at a depth of 1 m total biomass of 316.73 g/m2, depth of 2 m total biomass of 197.56 g/m2 and depth of 3 m total biomass of 38.26 g/m2. Biomass content of Halodule pinifolia seagrass at a depth of 1 m total biomass of 1.6 g / m2, depth of 2 m total biomass of 2.97 g/m2 and a depth of 3 m of total biomass of 0.25 g / m2. Keywords: Biomass, Enhalus acorroides L. and Halodule pinifolia

<p id="docs-internal-guid-91ba8b82-7fff-b26e-92e4-41a17a9eec57" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-left: 0.35pt; margin-right: -0.1pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;" dir="ltr"><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rhodamin B merupakan salah satu pewarna yang paling sering digunakan pada industri tekstil. Limbah pewarna tekstil ini dapat mencemari lingkungan jika masuk ke lingkungan melebihi ambang batas normal. Penggunaan bakteri pembentuk biofilm sebagai agensia pendegradasi Rhodamin B sangat memungkinkan karena mampu meningkatkan degradasi senyawa melalui interaksi antar bakteri sehingga mampu melengkapi proses metabolik. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan isolat bakteri lokal pembentuk biofilm dalam mendegradasi pewarna tekstil Rhodamin B. Penelitian ini menggunakan 3 isolat bakteri pembentuk biofilm yang diperoleh dari perairan Tanjung Tiram, Kabupaten Konawe Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, yaitu isolat bakteri </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chromohalobacter</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sp.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> BfTT2.1.5, </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bacillus</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sp. </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BfTT2.11 dan </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vibrio</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sp.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> BfTT2.14. Kemampuan biodegradasi Rhodamin B oleh isolat bakteri pembentuk biofilm dideteksi menggunakan tiga parameter yaitu dekolorisasi pewarna Rhodamin B menggunakan metode spektrofotometri, kadar CO</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> terlarut menggunakan metode titrasi dan total sel bakteri menggunakan metode </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">drop plate</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Berdasarkan uji kemampuan dalam mendegradasi pewarna tekstil Rhodamin B, </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chromohalobacter sp.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> BfTT2.1.5 mampu mendegradasi Rhodamin B sebanyak 36,1% lebih tinggi dibanding </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bacillus sp.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> BfTT2.11 (33,24%) dan </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vibrio</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sp.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> BfTT2.14 (16,18%). Ketiga isolat bakteri pembentuk biofilm mampu menggunakan Rhodamin B sebagai sumber karbon untuk pertumbuhannya. Oleh karena itu, isolat bakteri pembentuk biofilm sangat berpotensi digunakan sebagai agensia bioremediasi pewarna tekstil Rhodamin B.</span></p><p id="docs-internal-guid-148234b8-7fff-db03-2081-70b339674f74" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-left: 0.35pt; margin-right: -0.1pt; text-align: justify; margin-top: 6pt; margin-bottom: 6pt;" dir="ltr"><strong><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Biodegradation of Textile Dye Rhodamine B Using Biofilm-forming Bacteria. </span></strong><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rhodamine B is one of the most widely used dyes in the textile industry.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> This textile dye waste can pollute the environment if it enters the environment beyond the normal threshold. The use of biofilm-forming bacteria as agents to degrade Rhodamine B is possible because it can increase the degradation of compounds through interactions between bacteria to complete the metabolic process. The purpose of this study was to find out the resistance of local biofilm-forming bacteria isolates to Rhodamine B textile dyes and to find out the ability of local biofilm-forming bacterial isolates in degrading Rhodamine B textile dyes. This study used three isolates of biofilm-producing bacteria obtained from the waters of Tanjung Tiram, Konawe Selatan Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, namely </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chromohalobacter</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sp. </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BfTT2.1.5, </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bacillus</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sp.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> BfTT2.11 dan </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vibrio</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sp.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> BfTT2.14 bacterial isolates. The ability of biofilm-forming bacteria isolates to degrade Rhodamine B was detected using three parameters including decolorization of Rhodamine B dye using a spectrophotometry method, dissolved CO</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><span style="font-size: 0.6em; vertical-align: sub;">2</span></span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> levels using the titration method, and total bacterial cells using the drop plate method. The results show that the isolate bacteria </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chromohalobacter sp. </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">BfTT2.1.5 is able to degrade Rhodamine B as much as 36.1% higher than </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bacillus sp.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> BfTT2.11 (33.24%) and </span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Vibrio</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: italic; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">sp.</span><span style="font-size: 8.5pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: #000000; background-color: transparent; font-weight: 400; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> BfTT2.14 (16.18%). The three biofilm-forming bacteria isolates were able to use Rhodamine B as a carbon source for growth. Therefore, the local isolates biofilm-forming bacteria are potential to be used as bioremediation agents for Rhodamine B textile dyes.</span></p>

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