A new bacterial strain that produces amylase and poly-α-hidroxybutyrate (PHB) using sago starch as carbon source was characterized and identified to be member of the Bacillus megaterium group based on phenotypic characteristics and 16S rDNA gene sequences. Amylase activity was determined spectrophotometrically on the basis of substrate concentration reduction. PHB production was quantified with UV spectrophotometer. The polymer produced by B. megaterium PSA10 was identified by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The result of the study showed that the amylase specific activity B. megaterium PSA10 was 593,61 DUN/mg protein and PHB production from sago starch was 52,28 % of cell dry weight (CDW). FTIR analysis of the polymer indicated that the strain B.megaterium PSA10 was a potent PHB producer.

Bakteri asam laktat telah lama dikembangkan sebagai probiotik. Penentuan kondisi lingkungan yang optimum untuk pertumbuhan sel serta asam organik memberikan gambaran aktivitas optimum untuk kinerja probiotik baik dalam sistem fisiologi inang maupun dalam sistem bioproses untuk produksi sel dan metabolit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh faktor lingkungan (pH, suhu dan salinitas) terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi total asam organik tiga isolat bakteri asam laktat yang telah diseleksi dari intestinum udang penaeid. Eksperimen menggunakan  medium deMan, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) cair. Perlakuan pH awal meliputi  nilai pH 4, 5 dan 6. Perlakuan suhu meliputi suhu 25, 30 dan 35OC serta perlakuan salinitas  meliputi salinitas 0,75 %, 1,5 % dan 3 %.  Setiap interval 6 jam dilakukan pengambilan sampel kultur bakteri dan penghitungan pertumbuhan berdasarkan perubahan optical density (pada panjang gelombang 600 nm) sedangkan produksi asam laktat dianalisis dengan metode titrimetrik menggunakan NaOH 1 N sebagai larutan titrasinya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa suhu, pH awal dan salinitas berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan produksi asam organik. Nilai kondisi lingkungan terbaik untuk pertumbuhan dapat berbeda dengan nilai terbaik untuk produksi asam organic. Hal ini ditunjukan oleh nilai laju pertumbuhan dan produksi asam laktat tertinggi dari tiga isolat uji terjadi pada suhu, pH awal dan salinitas yang berbeda.  Isolat L12 tumbuh optimum pada suhu 30oC, pH awal 6 dan salinitas 0,75%. Isolat L14 tumbuh optimum pada suhu 30oC, pH awal 6 dan salinitas 1.5%. Isolat L 21 tumbuh optimum pada suhu 30 oC, pH awal 6 dan salinitas 1.5%. Kata kunci: bakteri asam laktat, suhu, pH, salinitas, asamorganik, pertumbuhan, Lactic acid bacteria are widely distributed in intestinal tracts of various animals where they live as normal flora.Strains of lactic acid bacteria are the most common microbes employed as probiotics, The optimum condition for growth are important to mass production and to determined parameters most suitable for growth. The effects of  temperature, pH and salinity on the growth and production of lactic acid from the three shrimp intestinal lactic acid bacteria isolates were conducted using bacth culture in a flask. These variables for growth were determined based on the growth curves and lactic acid production. Data from the flask batch experiment demonstrated that the best initial pH and temperature  for growth of isolat L12 ,L14 and L21 were found to be pH 6 and 30 OC.  Salinity (NaCl concentration) 0,75% were the best for growth of isolat L12. Salnity  1,5 % were best for growth of isolat L14 and L21. Key words : growth, temperature, pH, salinity, lactic aid bacteria

The purpose of the reasearch is to determine of antifungal activity from chitinase from Streptomyces RKt5 to inhibite growth of Fusarium oxysporum. The chitinase of Streptomyces RKt5 produced in liquid chitin medium with optimum conditions (inoculum concentration, pH and incubation time) and then partially purified with ammonium sulphate. The enzyme products were tested the antifungal activity against F.oxysporum. The results showed that mycelial growth of F.oxysporum can be inhibited by Streptomyces RKt 5 in dual culture test. The partial purified chitinase enzyme couldn't inhibit the fungal growth. But if the mycellium fragmented, the enzyme could degrade the fungal cell wall in incubation time. The frequency of fungal cell wall lysis and levels of N-acetylglucosamine released that have been increasing along with the length of incubation time.

16SrDNA gene were known essentialy for procaryotic life involved bacteria. The gene very concerved such as usefull for bacterial identification and classification in phylogeny tree constructed. The object of this research were identified and cllassified amylolitic bacteria TG12, TG19 and TG31 isolates, causers sourness on raw starch sago by 16SrDNA gene sequences analysis approach. The native isolates from raw starch sago under traditionality processing arround Jayapura and selected depend on activity amylolitic and organic acid productivity. Before DNA genom extraction, isolates were throught out generic assignment analysis. Futhermore DNA genom were amplified and purified by PCR with 27f and 1529r primers. The pure of DNA was sequenced by ABI PRISM 310 DNA sequencer with internal primers 27f, 357f, 790f and 1230f. The generic assignment resulted those isolates related with Bacillus. The 16S rDNA data were aligned with corresponding available Bacillus sequences retrieved from the NCBI database using the CLUSTAL X software. Phylogeny tree was constructed by PHYLIP programme and visualized by Treeview programme. Phylogenetic trees were and the extended the value of 16S rDNA sequencing in amylolitic bacteria causing sourness on raw starch sago. Completed 16S rDNA sequence data showed that two of the tested isolate TG12 formed a distinct center of diversity with Bacillus substilis DSM 10 AJ276351, isolate TG19 with Bacillus substilis strain 1778 EU982544 and TG31 similar genetic with Bacillus cereus strain WJL-063 FJ527559. Identification based on 16S rDNA gene sequences of amylolitic bacteria causing sourness on raw sago starch provided a powerful way of uncovering genetic of strain within the spesies Bacillus substilis and Bacillus cereus.

Bacillus sp. PSA10 and Bacillus sp. PPK5 were two indigenous strain amylolytic bacteria from Southeast Sulawesi that have ability to produce bioplastic poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) from sago starch. The study was attempted to determine the mechanism of PHB production by bacteria amylolytic was grown on sago starchcontaining media. Two amylolytic bacteria i.e. Bacillus sp. PSA10 and Bacillus sp. PPK5 was grown for 168 h in a mineral salts medium with sago starch as carbon source. Growth of amylolytic bacteria was monitored by cell dry weight. Extraction of PHB was done by N-hexane acetone-diethyl ether method and PHB content was quantifi ed with UV spectrophotometer at 235 nm. Glucose level was determined by using kit of glucose GOD 10" and was quantifi ed with spectrophotometer at 500 nm. Sago starch concentration was determined by phenol method using specthrophotometer at 490 nm. The result of the study showed that Bacillus sp. PSA10 was produced PHB up to 66,81 % (g PHB/g cell dry weight) at 48 h and Bacillus sp. PPK5 up to 24,83 % (g PHB/g cell dry weight) at 84 h. Bacillus sp. PSA10 has ability to converse sago starch to be PHB directly without glucose accumulation in the media, whereas Bacillus sp. PPK5 have to accumulate glucose as product of sago starch hydrolysis to produce of PHB. PHB synthesis by Bacillus sp. PHB production on sago starch of the Bacillus sp. PSA10 was found to be growth-associated whereas Bacillus sp. PPK5 was found to be non growth-associated. Therefore, two indigenous amylolytic bacteria were having of difference in biosynthesis mechanism of PHB in sago starch medium and their characteristics of PHB synthesis should be considered in developing cultivation methods for the effi cient production of PHB.

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh isolat mikroba pencerna serat dari saluran pencernaan rayap dan mengetahui kondisi optimum pertumbuhan dan produksi enzim selulase, xilanase dan ligninase dari isolat. Penelitian I adalah penelitian deskriptif untuk mengisolasi dan menyeleksi bakteri pencerna serat dari saluran pencernaan rayap berdasarkan aktivitas selulolitik (S), xilanolitik (X) dan lignolitik (L) yang tinggi. Penelitian II adalah optimalisasi kondisi pertumbuhan isolat dan produksi enzim akibat pengaruh aras substrat jerami padi dan nitrogen. Bahan yang digunakan adalah rayap (Cryptothermes sp.), jerami padi dan medium kultur. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian II adalah rancangan acak lengkap pola faktorial. Faktor I adalah aras substrat jerami padi (1, 2 dan 3% W/V), dan faktor II berupa aras nitrogen (0,1; 0,2 dan 0,3 % W/V). Variabel yang diukur adalah aktivitas enzim selulase, xilanase dan ligninase. Hasil penelitian tahap I menunjukkan bahwa isolat yang diperoleh terdiri dari 3 jenis bakteri selulolitik (S 1 , S 2 , dan S 3 ), 3 jenis bakteri xilanolitik (X 1 , X 2 , dan X 3 ) dan 3 jenis bakteri lignolitik (L 1 , L 2 , dan L 3 ). Hasil penelitian tahap II menunjukkan bahwa isolat S 2 , X 3 , dan L 1 mempunyai aktivitas tertinggi dibandinkan dengan yang lain, yaitu 1,894 U/mL, 1,722 U/mL dan 0,314 U/mL. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah penambahan aras jerami padi 1% dan nitrogen 0,3% menunjukan aktivitas enzim tertinggi baik pada selulase, xilanase maupun ligninase.Kata kunci: isolasi, bakteri pencerna serat, rayap, aktivitas enzim ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to obtain the fiber-digesting bacteria isolates from termite digestive tract and to determine the optimum conditions of growth and production of cellulase, xylanase and ligninase enzyme of isolate. The first study was conducted to isolate and select the fiber-digesting bacteria from the digestive tract of termites based on the highest activity of cellulolytic (S), xylanolytic (X) and lignolytic (L). The second study was optimation of the growth conditions of bacteria and the enzyme production due to effect of rice straw substrate and nitrogen. The material used were dry wood termites, rice straw, and culture medium. The design used was a completely randomized factorial design, in which the first factor was rice straw substrate (1, 2, and 3% W/V), while the second factor was nitrogen (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% W/V). Variables measured were cellulase, xylanase and ligninase activities. Results of the first sudy showed that the isolates obtained consisted of 3 types, those were cellulolytic bacteria (S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 ), 3 types of bacteria xylanolytic (X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 ) and 3 types of bacteria lignolytic (L 1 , L 2 , and L 3 ). Meanwhile, results of the second study showed that isolates of S 2 , X 3 , and L 1 had the highest activity, those were 1.894 U/mL, 1.722 U/mL and 0.314 U/mL, respectively. In conclusion, the 224 J.Indonesian Trop.Anim.Agric. 39(4):224-234, December 2014 addition of 1% level of r...

The growth and yield of plants are mainly a function of the quantity of fertilizer and water. In coastal sandy soil, nutrient losses and dry soils are seriously problems. The objective of the research was to study effect of zeolite and hucalci concentrations as NPK coating materials on NPK qualities i.e. water adsorption and release of N, P and K. The research used a coastal sandy soil as media. It was conducted in a laboratory of Soil Science Department, Gadjah Mada University from July to August 2009. Experimental design used was a factorial in a completely randomized design. The first factor was hucalci concentration, consisted of 10% (H 1 ), 20% (H 2 ), and 30% (H 3 ). The second factor was zeolite concentration, consisted of 25% (Z 1 ), 50% (Z 2 ), 75% (Z 3 ), and 100% (Z 4 ). NPK fertilizer (without coating) used as a control. The results showed that hucalci and zeolite had a capability to increase water adsorption and to retard the release of N, P, K. The coated NPK with hucalci 30% and zeolite 100% had the highest quality in water absorption, water retention and release of nutrients.

Potato Cyst Nematode (PCN), Globodera rostochiensis, is one of the important potato's pests and caused economic looses up to 70% in the several centrals of potato plantations in Indonesia. PCN's shell component of egg shell containing chitin (inner layer) and viteline/ protein (outer layer). The purpose of this research was to purify of protease Bacillus sp. TBRSN-1, isolate from tomato's rhizosfer in Yogyakarta province. The purifi ed protease could be used for cutting the life cycle of PCN. Results showed that Bacillus sp. TBRSN-1 could produce extracellular protease and purifi cation using DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and Sephacryl S-300 gel fi ltration chromatography resulted in specifi c activity 4.31 fold and 1.68% recovery. Analysing using SDS-PAGE 12.5% and molecular weight 48.1 kDa. Km and Vmax values of the protease for casein substrate were 7.83 mg/ml and 4.03 μg/h, respectively. The optimum activity at the temperature 30 o C and pH 7.0.