Background Obesity is known as one of the major causes of epidemiologic diseases worldwide; therefore, the introduction of treatment strategies by medical professionals, such as the use of various medicines and exercise programs to reduce fat or prevent obesity, is on the rise. Recently, researchers have shown special interest in assessing the effect of lipolytic adenosine and vitamin D deficiency, as well as the effect of exercise, on decreasing body fat percentage. Objective This study has been designed to examine the effect of adenosine and vitamin D3 injections, in conjunction with high-intensity interval training and isocaloric moderate-intensity training, on the metabolic parameters of obesity induced by a high-fat diet. Methods This is an experimental study using 92 Wistar rats. At 6 weeks of age, the rats' weights will be recorded, after which they will have 1 week to adapt to their new environment before being divided into 12 groups. The rats will participate in a 2-stage experimental intervention, including a 13-week fattening diet phase followed by a 12-week exercise training phase consisting of an exercise program and the injection of adenosine and vitamin D3. Groups 1 and 2 will have a normal diet, and the other groups will have a diet of 40% fat, with free access to food and water up to the second half of the second stage of the study (end of the sixth week of training). After termination of the interventions, tissue collection and molecular assessments (blood for biochemical, tissues for gene expression analyses, and anthropometrical indexes) will be performed. Results The project was initiated in April 2017 and completed in December 2017. Data analysis is under way, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in November 2018. Conclusions We hypothesize that weight loss–induced molecular changes and upregulation will be observed in line with an increase in lipolysis and beta oxidation in muscle and fat tissue as a result of performing isocaloric training in drug-receiving rats and groups on a high-fat diet. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR1-10.2196/10753

The current study aimed to investigate the protective effects of moderate aerobic exercise against chlorpyrifos (CPF)‐induced testes dysfunction. In excremental study, 48 adult male albino rats were randomly allocated into 16 groups of 3 rats each. Twelve experimental groups received intraperitoneal injection (5 days a week) of either 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg body weight CPF in DMSO for 2, 4 or 6 consecutive weeks. Seven of these experimental groups were subjected to run at moderate exercise intensity for 5 days per week over 2 weeks, whereas the other groups were not. Two groups (sham groups) were administered to the equal volume of vehicle (DMSO) for 4 or 6 consecutive weeks. The remaining two groups comprised the control groups including a sedentary and an exercise‐trained control group. Exercise training leads to a markedly increase in testicular superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in CPF‐exposed rats compared with corresponding sedentary animals (p < .05). Lipid peroxidation level was found to be significantly decreased in the testis of exercised animals that had been exposed to CPF (p < .05). Our results suggest that aerobic exercise can alleviate the oxidative stress induced by sub‐acute CPF exposure in testis. Exercise training could barely mitigate CPF‐induced testicular damages in rats.

The primary metabolize of chlorpyrifos (CPF) is in the liver tissue, which it can cause oxidative damage and apoptosis in liver cells. The use of exercise with antioxidant supplements could have a protective effects in the liver tissue especially by improve mitochondria function. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of aerobic exercise and eugenol (Eu) supplementation on destructive effects of CPF in liver tissue. Sixty-four adult male albino rats were randomly divided into eight groups (eight rats in each group). Four experimental groups received intraperitoneal injection of either 3.0 mg/kg body weight CPF in dimethyl sulfoxide for six consecutive weeks. Aerobic exercise was performed 5 days per week over 4 weeks for exercise groups. Finally, the animals were sacrificed for the histomorphometric analysis and biochemical measurement in the liver tissue. The result of this study show that consumption of CPF alone, caused collagen deposition, increased apoptosis, tumor necrosis factor α, malondialdehyde, and decreased catalase, superoxide dismutase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) compared to control and exercise groups

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Background: Obesity is known as one of the most major cause of epidemiologic disease worldwide. Therefore, introducing treatment strategies including various medicines to reduce fat or prevent obesity in addition to methods of exercise programs by medical professionals and exercise scientists is on the increase. Recently, researchers have shown special interest in assessing the effect of lipolytic adenosine and vitamin D deficiency. On the other hand, the effect of exercise on decreasing body fat percent has been indicated by many researchers.Objective: This research has been designed to examine the effect of injection of adenosine, vitamin D3 and High intensity interval training and isocaloric Moderate intensity training on metabolic parameters in obesity induced by high-fat diet.Methods: This is an experimental study. We will select 79 rats and then after getting weight till to 6 weeks will divide in 12 groups. After one week of adaptation to a new environment, 12 groups of Wistar rats will participate in two stages of the experimental intervention including 13 weeks of fattening diet followed by 12 weeks of exercise program and injection of adenosine and vitamin D3. All the rats in the normal diet(except 1 and 2 groups) will consume 40% fat and have free access to food and water up to the second half of the second stage (end of the sixth week of training). After termination of the interventions, tissue collection and molecular assessments (blood for biochemical, tissues for gene expression analyses and anthropometrical indexes) will be performed.Results: The project was founded in April 2017 and completed in December 2017. Data analysis is under way, and the first results are expected to be submitted for publication in July 2018.Conclusion: We supposed that weight loss induced molecular changes and up regulation will be observed in line with increase in lipolysis and beta oxidation in muscle and fat tissue as a result of performing isocaloric training in drug receiving rats and groups on high fat diet.

Background: Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that is widely used in the world. Exposure to chlorpyrifos is associated with some problems in cognitive functions, such as learning and memory. Caspase-3 is a cysteine protease that is activated in response to several apoptotic stimuli and triggers some proteolytic events, cell death, and neurodegeneration. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to clear potential mechanisms related to chlorpyrifos neurotoxicity through caspase-3 alteration and passive avoidance memory function. Methods: Male adult rats were randomly divided into the control, sham, and chlorpyrifos groups (eight rats in each group). The chlorpyrifos group received an intraperitoneal injection of chlorpyrifos (3 mg/kg/5 days) dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide for two consecutive weeks. The caspase-3 levels in the hippocampus were assessed by the western blot technique, and also the passive avoidance task was used for memory evaluation. Results: Our findings showed that chlorpyrifos treatment markedly increased caspase-3 levels in the hippocampus and also increased the time spent in the dark chamber 24 h and one week after receiving foot shock in the chlorpyrifos group. Conclusions: Organophosphate pesticides exposure can impair passive avoidance memory, and high levels of caspase-3 in the hippocampus are proposed as a possible reason for neuronal toxicity and memory impairment.