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BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that physical training and natural diet able to change the expression and concentration of peptides and proteins. Myokines and adipokines play an important role in metabolism and metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and supplementation of flaxseed oil on plasma irisin, nesfatin-1 and resistin in male rats.MethodsForty adult male rats were randomly divided into four groups (ten in each group) including Control-Saline (CS), Training-Saline (TS), Control-FlaxOil supplement (CO), and Training-FlaxOil supplement (TO). The training groups performed for 10 weeks and 5 sessions each week, interval training with 90–95% VO2max on rodent treadmill, and supplement groups received flaxseed oil (300 mg / kg). Five days after the last training session, rats were sacrificed. Blood samples were taken from the heart and plasma was evaluated.ResultsExercise Training significantly increased plasma levels of irisin (P = 0.019), nesfatin-1 (P = 0.01), and decreased resistin (P = 0.01). Flaxseed oil significantly reduced plasma resistin levels (P = 0.02). Plasma irisin levels in the supplementation group were higher than all groups (P = 0.041).ConclusionThere was a significant positive correlation between plasma levels of irisin with nesfatin-1 and negative correlation with resistin. HIIT program with flaxseed oil as a modality can create a metabolic crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissues and have health benefits.

The hypothalamus controls metabolism and feeding behaviour via several signals with other tissues. Exercise and supplements can change hypothalamic signalling pathways, so the present study investigated the influence of eccentric resistance training and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation on PGC-1α expression, serum irisin, nesfatin-1 and resistin concentrations. Thirty-two male rats (8 weeks old, 200±17 g body mass) were randomly allocated to control, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation (HMB), eccentric resistance training (ERT), and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid supplementation plus eccentric resistance training (HMB+ERT) groups. Training groups undertook eccentric resistance training (6 weeks, 3 times a week) and supplement groups consumed β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) orally (76 mg kg −1 day −1 ). Twenty-four hours after the last training session, serum and triceps brachii muscle samples were collected and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Two-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation were employed (significance level: P<0.05). The results showed that eccentric resistance training increases skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene expression, as well as serum levels of irisin and nesfatin-1 (P=0.001). Eccentric resistance training decreased the serum concentration of resistin (P=0.001). HMB-FA supplementation increased skeletal muscle PGC-1α gene expression (P=0.002), as well as the serum concentration of irisin and nesfatin-1 (P=0.001), but decreased the serum concentration of resistin (P=0.001). Significant correlations were observed between PGC-1α gene expression and serum concentrations of irisin, nesfatin-1 and resistin. HMB-FA supplementation with eccentric resistance training may induce crosstalk between peptide release from other tissues and increases maximal muscle strength. The combination of the two interventions had a more substantial effect than each in isolation.

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Aims: Reverse Cholesterol Transport (RCTr) is the mechanism by which excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues is transported to the liver for hepatobiliary excretion, thereby inhibiting foam cell formation and the development of atherosclerosis. Exercise affects RCTr, by influencing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) through remodeling and by promoting hepatobiliary sterol excretion. The objectives of this systematized review of animal studies is to summarize the literature and provide an overview of the effects of chronic exercise (at least two weeks) on apoliproteins (Apo A-I, Apo-E), Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG4, ABCG5, ABCG8), scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), lowdensity lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) and cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1).

ABSTRACT:The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training with and without Pistacia-atlantica (Bane) extraction as a plant rich in fatty acids, on rat tissues nesfatin-1/nucleobindin-2 and ghrelin gene expression and also on plasma lipid and lipoproteins profiles.Twenty healthy and intact Wistar rats were obtain and randomly were assigned into saline-control (SC), saline-training (ST), Bane-control (BC), and Bane-training (BT) groups. Training groups ran on a motor driven treadmill (at intensity 25m/min, 5days/wk.) for 8 weeks. Rats were orally received saline or bene solution (100 mg/kg and 7.5ul/g of body weight). Blood was collected to determine biochemical variables and liver and visceral fat were also obtain for Nesfatin-1/nucleobindin-2 and ghrelin mRNA expressions by using a Real-time PCR technique.A higher and significant nesfatin-1 mRNA expressions in liver and visceral fat and liver estradiol were observed in trained groups. However, the level of ghrelin expression was lower in trained groups when compared to control rats. In general, lower tissues nesfatin-1mRNA expression and lower plasma and higher estradiol HDL-C were observed in bane-treated rats. A negative and positive correlation between liver estradiol and liver ghrelin expression, plasma estradiol, HDL-C and visceral fat nesfatin-1 expression were found respectively. The results of present study indicate that exercise combined with bane-treatment induced considerable changes on liver and visceral fat nesfatin-1 and ghrelin expression which was accompanied with a significant change in plasma HDL-C as a cardiovascular risk factor.