Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are chemical compounds comprised of carbon and hydrogen molecules in a cyclic arrangement. PAHs are associated with risks to human health, especially carcinogenesis. One form of exposure to these compounds is through ingestion of contaminated food, which can occur during preparation and processing involving high temperatures (e.g., grilling, smoking, toasting, roasting, and frying) as well as through PAHs present in the soil, air, and water (i.e., environmental pollution). Differently from changes caused by microbiological characteristics and lipid oxidation, consumers cannot sensorially perceive PAH contamination in food products, thereby hindering their ability to reject these foods. Herein, the occurrence and biological effects of PAHs were comprehensively explored, as well as analytical methods to monitor their levels, legislations, and strategies to reduce their generation in food products. This review updates the current knowledge and addresses recent regulation changes concerning the widespread PAHs contamination in several types of food, often surpassing the concentration limits deemed acceptable by current legislations. Therefore, effective measures involving different food processing strategies are needed to prevent and reduce PAHs contamination, thereby decreasing human exposure and detrimental health effects. Furthermore, gaps in literature have been addressed to provide a basis for future studies.

-Ligas; -Formação; -Ciências da Saúde; -Educação Médica. RESUMO As Ligas Acadêmicas (LAs) surgem nas universidades brasileiras no início do século XX como estratégias e atividades extracurriculares. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as Ligas ABSTRACT Academic leagues have emerged in Brazilian universities in the twentieth century as strategies and extracurricular activities. The objective of this paper is to analyze structured academic leagues in operation at the University of Brasilia as teaching and learning strategies. Method: Data was collected through documentary survey, interview survey, individual interviews applied to participants of academic leagues (eight representatives), teachers/coordinators of academic leagues (four representatives) and participants of activities provided for the members of academic leagues (four representatives

A food fraud and adulteration review was conducted based on scientific literature in Brazil. Milk and its products were the main targets of food fraud and adulterations. Food fraud and adulteration causes and suggestions for good practice are presented. The results can be used to analyze food safety and protect consumer rights.

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RESUMOO objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o efeito da crioterapia e do aquecimento muscular sobre a flexibilidade dos isquiotibiais associados com 3 minutos de alongamento estático. Para isso, 40 jovens voluntários, de ambos os sexos, foram distribuídos de forma aleatória em quatro grupos: Grupo 1 -Controle, Grupo 2 -Alongamento estático mantido por 3 minutos, Grupo 3 -Alongamento e aquecimento por 20 minutos e Grupo 4 -Alongamento e crioterapia por 20 minutos. Foram realizadas três series de alongamento durante cinco dias consecutivos, sendo realizadas avaliações do ângulo extensor do joelho ao início do protocolo, depois de cada dia e ao final do protocolo. Para a comparação intergrupos foi utilizada a ANOVA com post-hoc Tukey e para a análise intragrupo foi utilizado o teste t pareado, todos com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados demonstraram que todos os grupos submetidos ao alongamento apresentaram ganho de flexibilidade em relação ao grupo controle. No entanto, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos submetidos aos diferentes programas de alongamento. Conclui-se que o aumento da flexibilidade se deve ao alongamento e independe da aplicação prévia de hipertermia e/ou hipotermia.

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An alternative method for determination of total trans fatty acids expressed as elaidic acid by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) under indirect UV detection at 224 nm within an analysis time of 7.5 min was developed. The optimized running electrolyte includes 15.0 mmol L(-1) KH(2)PO(4)/Na(2)HPO(4) buffer (pH approximately 7.0), 4.0 mmol L(-1) SDBS, 8.0 mmol L(-1) Brij35, 45%v/v ACN, 8% methanol, and 1.5% v/v n-octanol. Baseline separation of the critical pair C18-9cis/C18:1-9t with a resolution higher than 1.5 was achieved using C15:0 as the internal standard. The optimum capillary electrophoresis (CE) conditions for the background electrolyte were established with the aid of Raman spectroscopy and experiments of a 3(2) factorial design. After response factor (R(F)) calculations, the CE method was applied to total trans fatty acid (TTFA) analysis in a hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF) sample, and compared with the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) official method by gas chromatography (GC). The methods were compared with an independent sample t test, and no significant difference was found between CE and GC methods within the 95% confidence interval for six genuine replicates of TTFA analysis (p-value > 0.05). The CE method was applied to TTFA analysis in a spreadable cheese sample. Satisfactory results were obtained, indicating that the optimized methodology can be used for trans fatty acid determination for these samples.